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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Contains all genes essential for viability and exists as a double-stranded, closed circular, naked macromolecule |
Bacterial Chromosome |
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Miniature chromosomes, double-stranded, closed, circular Do not encode for products essential for viability |
Plasmids |
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Genes for movement along the Chromosome/plasmid as well as for Drug Resistance and Toxins |
Transposons "jumping genes" |
Insertion Sequence |
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Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within organism's genome |
Mutation |
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Acquiring free DNA from the environment |
Transformation |
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Acquiring DNA from Bacteriophage |
Transduction |
Bacteriophage - virus infecting bacteria |
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Transfer of DNA from Sex Pilus |
Conjugation |
E. coli |
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DNA from one bacterial cell enters second bacterial cell and is exchanged with a DNA segment of a recipient's genome |
Recombination/Homologous Recombination |
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Needed for Recombination |
Rec A Protein |
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Smallest Bacteria 0.2 um |
Mycoplasma |
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Largest Bacteria 10 um |
Borrelia |
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Smallest Pathogenic Bacteria |
H. ducrie |
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Largest pathogenic bacteria |
B. anthracis |
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Polysaccharide coating secreted by many bacteria Covers surfaces like a film allows the bacteria to adhere firmly to various structures |
Glycocalyx |
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Anti-phagocytic Structure firmly attached to the cell wall Determinant of Virulence |
Capsule |
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Bacteria w/ slime layer which is a common blood bottle contaminant |
S. epidermidis |
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Aggregate of slime layer |
Biofilm |
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Chemical Communication within a Biofilm |
Quorum Sensing |
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Gold Standard for Quorum Sensing |
Chromobacterium violaceum |
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Neufeld-Quellang Reaction for capsule is replaced by |
Molecular Techniques |
Capsular Swelling |
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Peptidoglycan or Murein Layer For Cell shape and Strength Withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressures |
Cell Wall |
M Protein - S. Pyogenes, inhibits phagocytosis Mycolic Acid - Mycobacterium, prevents digestion |
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Cell Wall is composed of |
1. NAG 2. NAM 3. Teichoic Acid |
NAG - N-acetyl-d-glucosamine NAM - N-acetyl-d-muramic Acid Teichoic Acid - Only present in May Gram Pos |
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Acid Fast: Maginification for Screening |
400X Magnification |
HPF |
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Acid Fast: Magnification for Confirmatory |
1000x Magnification |
OIF Also used in Gram Stain |
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Gram Stain: Magnification for Screening |
100x Magnification |
LPF |
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Gram Pos Organism Color |
Purple |
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Gram Neg color |
PINK |
Primary Stain, Mordant - Purple Decolorizer - Colorless |
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Acid Fast Organism Color |
Red |
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Non-acid Fast Organism Color |
BLUE |
Primary Stain, Mordant - Red Decolorizer - Colorless |
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Counterstain in Modified Acid Fast Staining |
0.5% Potassium Permanganate (KMNO4) |
Same with Modified Acid Fast Stain - Functions as a Quenching Agent |
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Endospore is composed of |
Calcium Dipicolinate or Dipicolinic Acid |
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Bacterial genera with spores |
1. BACILLUS 2. CLOSTRIDIUM |
Bacillus - Aerobic - Catalase Pos Clostridium - Anaerobic - Catalase neg |
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Test to recover and identify Clostridium spp. from mixed population of organisms |
Ethanol Shock Spore Test Or Heat Shock Spore Test |
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Fluorochrome Stain for Nucleic Acid |
Acridine Orange |
Used to confirm negative gram stains, or for mycoplasma |
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Fluorochrome Stain for Chitin in fungal cell wall |
Calcofluor White |
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Stain for Fungal Cell Wall |
Lactophenol Cotton Blue |
Stain in Aman's medium |
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Major Pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate Anaerobic; does not require oxygen |
Embden- Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP) Pathway |
All members of Enterobacteriaceae |
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Pathway in which conversion of glucose to ribulose-5-phosphate takes place |
Pentose Phosphate or Phosphogluconate Pathway |
Lactobacilli B. abortus |
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The Entner- Doudoroff Pathway converts glucose-6-phosohate to |
1. Pyruvate 2. Glyceraldehyde Phosphate |
Pseudomonas Alcaligenes E. faecalis |
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Reagent in Limulus Lysate Test |
Blood of Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) |
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The Plan that identifies tasks that are hazardous to employees and promotes employee safety |
Exposure Control Plan |
Persons Responsible: 1. Supervisor 2. Laboratory Director |
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Dry Heat: Used for sterilizing loops and needles |
Flame |
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Dry Heat: Used for 1. Glasswares 2. Certain metals 3. Oils 4. Petroleum 5. Powders |
OVEN |
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Dry Heat: Most common method of treating infectious waste Prions |
Incineration |
Safest way to ensure that no infective materials remain in samples or containers when disposal |
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Dry Heat: Used for controlling Diseases |
Cremation |
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Method of Choice for 1. Antibiotic solutions 2. Toxic chemicals 3. Radioisotopes 4. Vaccines 5. Carbohydrates |
Filtration |
Asbestos Filter (Sietz - 98% Effective) Membrane Filter (Millipore O. 22 um = 100% bacterial sterility) Cellulos Acetate or Cellulose Nitrate Membrane = Liquid Filter (0.22 um) |
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Short Wavelength High Energy Gamma Rays |
Ionizing Radiation |
For 1. Plastic syringes 2. Catheter 3. Gloves 4. Evacuated tubes |
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QUALITY CONTROL: 1. Autoclave 2. Ionizing Radiation 3. Dry Heat Oven 4. Ethylene Glycol |
1. AUTOCLAVE - B. stearothermophilus 2. IONIZING RADIATION - B. pumilus 3. DRY HEAT OVEN - B. subtilis var. niger 4. ETHYLENE GLYCOL - B. subtillis var. globijii |
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Eye drop solution containing 1% Silver Nitrate placed in the eyes of newborn to prevent infection with N. gonorrhoea (Opthalmia Neonatorum) |
Credes Prophylaxis |
Now ERYTHROMYCIN |
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Used to disinfect bench tops or other surfaces in the laboratory Low toxicity
Rapidly inactivated by organic matter |
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATS) |
Benzalkonium Chloride (Zephiran) |
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Denature Proteins Disrupts Cell Membranes |
PHENOLICS |
At High Conc: Disinfectant At Low Conc: Soaps |
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Open-fronted, negative pressure, ventilated cabinets Unsterilized room air enters and circulates within the cabinet, and exhaust air from the cabinet is filtered by HEPA Filter |
CLASS I BSC |
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Sterilize both air entering and circulating the cabinet and exhaust air Used by most hospital microbiology laboratories
Laminar Flow Biosafety Cabinet |
CLASS II BSC |
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BSC which provides the highest level of safety All air entering and leaving the cabinet is sterilized with HEPA Filter |
CLASS III BSC |
System is entirely closed, and all infectious material are handled with rubber gloves that are sealed within the cabinet |
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70% air recirculated through HEPA
Exhuast through HEPA |
CLASS IIA |
CLASS IIB3 - BSC same as IIA, but plenums under negative pressure to room and exhaust air is ducted |
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30% air recirculated through HEPA Exhaust via HEPA and Hard-ducted |
CLASS IIB1 |
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BSC with no recirculation
Total exhaust via HEPA and Hard- Ducted |
CLASS II B2 |
Class III - Supply Air Inlets thru 2 Hepa Filters |
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WHITE in NFPA Diamond |
SPECIFIC HAZARD |
OXY - Oxidizer ACID - Acid ALK - Alkali COR - Corrosive W - Use no Water Radiation |
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Specimens should be collected |
1. During Acute/Early Phase Illness (w/in 2-3 days for Viral Infections) 2. Before antibiotics are administered |
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Commercial transport system used for N. gonorrhoea specimens |
JEMBEC System |
Contains selective agar (CAP) and a carbon dioxide CO2-generating tablet
Transgrow - Also used for Neisseria |
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Multi-purpose transport media |
Stuart's |
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Transport medium for Respiratory Samples |
Amie's |
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Transport medium for S. agalactiae vaginal swab |
1. Todd-Hewitt 2. LIM (Modified Todd-Hewitt) |
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1. Hanks Balanced Salt Solution with Bovine Albumin 2. Stuart Transport Media 3. Leibovitz-Emory Media These are used for |
VIRAL TRANSPORT |
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Added to the CM to absorb fatty acids present in the specimen that could kill fastidious (fragile) organisms |
CHARCOAL |
1. N. gonnorrhoeae 2. B. pertussis |
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Preservative for Ova & Parasite Exam |
1. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) 2. Buffered Formalin |
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Actions of 0.025% Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate (SPS) |
1. Inbibits phagocytosis and complement activation
2. Neutralizes aminoglycosides (but does not remove)
3. Neutralizes bactericidal effect of plasma |
1% Gelatin - counteracts SPS
Sensitive to Higher Conc of SPS: 1. N. gonnorhoeae 2. G. vaginalis 3. Neisseria 4. S. moniliformis 5. P. anaerobius |
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Anticoagulant often used for Viral Cultures and isolation of Mycobacterium spp. from Blood |
HEPARIN |
May inhibit growth of: 1. Gram Pos Bacteria 2. Yeast |
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Common Disinfectant in the venipuncture site for blood specimens |
70% Alcohol then with Betadine |
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Most Abundant normal flora in Throat and Nasopharyngeal Specimen |
Alpha-Hemolytic or Viridans Streptococci |
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Most common pathogen in Throat and Nasopharyngeal Specimen |
B-Hemolytic Strep or S. pyogenes |
Todd-Hewitt Broth - Culture for Fluorescence Microscopy of B-hemolytic Strep |
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Nasopharyngeal Swab for B. pertussis is cultured on |
Charcoal Cephalexin Medium |
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Nasopharyngeal Swab for MRSA is cultured on |
MSA |
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Nasopharyngeal Swab for H. influenzae is cultured on |
Enriched CAP with Staph Streak across the inoculum |
Enriched Chocolate Agar - For N. meningitidis |
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Hepa B Virus has not been isolated in ____________ specimen |
Sputum |
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Aerosol-Induced specimens are collected by allowing patients to breathe aerosolized droplets of a solution containing |
1. 15% Sodium Chloride 2. 10% Glycerin |
Breathed for approx 10 mins or until strong cough reflex is initiated |
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According to Bartlett's Classification an acceptable specimen for sputum should have a count of |
<10 SEC/LPF >25 PMNs/LPF |
Common Significant Sputum Isolates: 1. S. pneumoniae 2. K. pneumoniae 3. Mycoplasma pneumoniae 4. Legionella pneumophila 5. H. influenzae 6. S. aureus 7. P. aeruginosa |
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Urine specimen for Anaerobic Culture |
Suprapubic Urine |
Midstream Clean Catch - Choice for urine culture |
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Stool collection if Bacterial Infection is suspected |
3 specimens, once a day for 3 days |
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Stool collection if Parasitic Infection is suspected |
3 specimens collected w/in 10 days |
Amoebiasis - 6 specimens in 1 day |
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Swab suitable for Genital Specimens |
Dacron and Rayon w/ Plastic Handle |
DO NOT USE COTTON SWAB |
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Vaginal Normal Flora during Childbearing Years |
Lactobacillus spp. |
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Vaginal Normal Flora earlier and later in life |
1. Staphylococci 2. Corynebacteria |
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GIT Specimen for Rapid Urease Test and culture for H. pylori |
Gastric Biopsy |
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GIT Specimen collected early in the morning before rising and having First Meal |
Gastric Aspirate |
Must be neutralized w/in 1 hour
Best specimen for Infants Examined for AFB |
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Superficial Lesion Wound Abscess Specimen procedure |
Swab along the outer edge using swab moistened with transport media |
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Deep Wound Lesion Abscess Specimen procedure |
Aspirate w/ needle and place in an Anaerobic transport system |
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Bacterial growth factor needed for synthesis of cellular components and generation of ATP |
CARBON |
Autotrophs/Litotrophs - Inorganic compounds as carbon source Heterotrophs/Organotrophs - Oraginic compounds as carbon source |
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Bacterial growth factor for synthesis of Proteins RNA & DNA |
NITROGEN |
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Grow under reduced oxygen and increased CO2 5-10% O2 8-10% CO2 |
Microaerophiles |
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Requires increased concentrations of CO2 15% O2 5-10% CO2 |
Capnophiles |
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Cannot grow in the presence of Oxygen 0% O2 5-10% CO2 |
Anaerobes |
Obligate/Strict Anaerobes - w/out Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase Facultative Anaerobes - Can grow in the presence or absence of O2 Aerotolerant Anaerobes - Anaerobes that can survive in the presence of O2 |
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Organisms that grows in <10C
Cold Enrichment Medium |
Psychrophilic or Cryophilic |
1. L. monocytogenes 2. Y. enterocolitica |
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Organisms that grows in 50-55C |
Thermophilic |
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Most clinically relevant bacteria prefer a pH of |
6.5 - 7.5 Near neutral pH range |
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Organisms that grows in pH 3 |
Acidophile |
L. acidophilus (Tomato Juice Agar) |
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Organisms that grows in pH range of 8-10 |
Alkaliphile |
Vibrio (Alkaline Peptone Water) |
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Little or No Multiplication Adjustment Period |
LAG PHASE |
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Organisms grow at maximum rate (exponential rate)
Most metabolically Active Most sensitive to antimicrobials |
LOG or Exponential Phase |
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Growth ceases Nutrients are exhausted or toxic metabolic products have accumulated
# of Living Organisms = # of Dead |
Stationary or Plateu Phase |
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Viable Count decraeses # dead organisms > # of living |
DECLINE PHASE |
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Smallest Concentration that inhibits growth of the bacteria |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
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Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that kills at least 99.9% of the bacteria in the original Innoculum |
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) |
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Disk Diffusion is also referred to as |
Kirby-Bauer Sensitivity Test |
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In Kirby-Bauer _______ agar is used with a depth of ________ and a pH of _______ |
1. Mueller-Hinton (MHA) 2. 4 mm (3-5) 3. 7.2 - 7.4 |
Incubated @ 18-24 hrs at 35C in humidified ambient air |
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Increased Thymidine in Kirby-Bauer causes |
False Resistance to: 1. Sulfonamides 2. Trimethoprim |
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In Kirby-Bauer 25 mg/L Calcium and 12.5 mg/L of Magnesium is used If Ca and Mg is Increased it causes |
1. Decreased activity of Aminoglycosides to P. aeruginosa 2. Decreased activity of Tetracyclines against all organisms |
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Causes of False Resistance in Kirby-Bauer |
1. Innoclum too Heavy - small zone of inhibition 2. Too much moisture on agar - moisture enhances growth |
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Causes of False Sensitive in Kirby-Bauer |
1. Innoculum too Light - Large Zone of inhibition 2. Very dry agar surface - Poor Growth |
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Decolorizer in Fluorescent Acid Fast Staining |
0.5% Acid Alcohol |
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Decolorizer in Modified acid Fast staining |
Sulfuric Acid |
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Primary Stains in Fluorescent Acid Fast Staining |
1. Auramine 2. Rhodamine |
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Cell inclusion seen in C. diptheriae |
Babe's Ernst |
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Cell inclusion seen in M. tb |
Much Granules |
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Cell inclusion seen in Y. pestis |
Bipolar Bodies |
Wayson Stain: Safety Pin Appearance |
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Cell inclusion seen in Nocardia & Actinomyces |
Sulfur Granules |
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A selectively permeable membrane Site for energy pxn and metabolism |
Cytoplasmic Membrane |
Consists of: Outer Membrane and Perioplasmic Space |
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Outer Membrane contains: |
1. Proteins 2. Phospholipids 3. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
Found only in Gram Neg |
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3 Regions of Lipopolysaccharide |
1. Antigen O Specific Polysaccharide/O antigen/Somatic Antigen 2. Core Polysaccharide 3. Inner LIPID A (Endotoxin) |
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Triad of Symptoms caused by Lipid A Moiety |
1. Fever 2. Hypotensive Shock 3. DIC |
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Consists of gel-like substances that help secure nutrients from environment |
Perioplasmic Space |
Also contains several enzymes that degrade macromolecules and detoxify environmental solutes, including antibiotics Found only in Gram Neg |
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Point of attachment of chromosomes |
Mesosomes |
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Site of protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
70S |
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Highly Resistant to dessication, heat, and chemical agents Resting Cell |
Endospore |
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Terminal Spore |
C. tetani |
Subterminal - C. botulinum Central B. anthracis |
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2 Types of Pili |
1. Ordinary Pili (ex. N. gonnorhea) 2. Sex Pili (ex. E. Coli) |
Pili - hair-like extensions Ordinary - adhesins, help bacteria attach to animal host cell surface Sex - genetic material transfer (bacterial conjugation) |
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Responsible for bacterial motility |
Flagella |
Composed of protein Flagellin |
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Motility is best seen at |
25C |
Non-motile @37C: 1. Listeria 2. Y. enterocolitica |
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No Flagellum |
Atrichous |
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Flagella all over the organism |
Peritrichous |
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Tuft of Flagella at one or both poles |
Lophotrichous |
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Single Flagellum on one pole |
Monotrichous |
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Single Flagellum on each pole |
Amphitrichous |
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Flagellar Arrangement of All Cocci |
ATRICHOUS |
Non-motile |
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Organism with Periplasmic Flagella/ Axial Filaments/Endoflagella |
Spirochetes |
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Darting Motility |
Campylobacter |
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Capnocytophaga motility |
Gliding |
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Twitching motility |
Kingella |
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Listeria motility |
Tumbling |
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Rapid Darting/Shooting Star Motility |
Vibrio |
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Umbrella/Inverted X-mas Tree appearance on SIM |
Listeria |
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Test Tube Brush appearance on SIM |
E. rhusiopathiae |
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Anaerobic process carried out by both obligate and facultative anaerobes |
Fermentation |
W/ or w/out oxygen |
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An efficient generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor |
Oxidation/Respiration |
Anaerobic Respiration Electron Acceptors: Inorganic form of Oxygen 1. Nitrate 2. Sulfate |
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Bacteria produces iron-binding compounds called |
Siderpohores |
Enterobactin |
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Ability of a Microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual |
Pathogenicity |
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Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity |
Virulence |
Measured by number of microorganisms necessary to cause infection in the host |
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Provide Microorganisms with capacity to avoid host defenses and damage host cells, tissues, and organs |
Virulence Factors |
Adherence Factors - PILI Anti-phagocytic Factors 1. Capsule 2. Cell Wall: M Protein, Mycolic Acid 3. Protein A - block Fc portion of Abs (inhibits opsonization) |
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Virulence Factors: Enzymes |
1. Coagulase 2. Fibrinolysin/Kinases 3. Hyaluronidase/Duran Reynal Factor |
Coagulase - Fibrinogen to Fibrin Fibrinolysin - Dissolves Fibrin Clot Hyaluronidase - Spreading Factor |
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General toxin Common to almost all Gram-negative bacteria |
Endotoxin |
Released when Gram-negative bacterial cell is destroyed |
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Toxin produced by Living Bacteria |
Exotoxin |
Specific |
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Heat Labile Toxin |
Exotoxins (exc: Staphylococcal Enterotoxin) |
Heat Stable - Endotoxin Does not produce Toxin - Neisseria |
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Test fo Endotoxin |
Limulus Lysate Test |
Principle: In the presence of Endotoxin, amoebocytes (WBC's) release Lysate (+) Clumping |
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STANDARD PRECAUTION |
Treat all patients and body fluids (exc. Sweat) as potentially infectious or hazardous |
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Post Exposure Investigation is done by |
1. Supervisor 2. Safety Officer |
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5 Most Common Lab-acquired Infections |
1. Salmonellosis 2. Shigellosis 2. Brucellosis 3. TB 4. Hepatitis |
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Process whereby all forms of microbial life including spores, are killed |
Sterilization/Biocide |
Maybe accomplished by: 1. Physical A. Heat (Moist, Dry) B. Filtration C. Ionizing Radiation 2. Chemical A. Ethylene Glycol B. Formaldehyde Vapor and Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide C. Glutaraldehyde D. Peracetic Acid |
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Most effective method of sterilization and waste disposal |
Autoclave |
Classified under Moist Heat - Coagulates proteins
Steam Under Pressure |
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Intermitted discontinous sterilization Uses Arnold Sterilizer |
Tyndallization |
Moist Heat |
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Thickening through evaporation Used for CM with Inc Proteins (LJ, Loeffler's) |
Inspissation |
Moist Heat |
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Air Filter Remove organisms larger than O. 3 um from isolation rooms, OR's', BSC |
HIGH-EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) FILTER |
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Most common chemical sterilant Cold Sterilization |
Ethylene Glycol |
Used for materials which cannot be autoclaved Strict Requirements of Conc, Humidity |
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Sterilize HEPA Filters in BSCs |
Formaldehyde Vapor and Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide |
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Sporocidal chemical sterilant which kills spores in 3-10 hrs |
Glutaraldehyde |
Used for bronchospores, because it does not corrode lenses, metal, rubbers |
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Also a Cold Sterilant Used for surface Sterilization of surgical instruments |
Peracetic Acid |
Effective in presence of Organic Material |
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Process whereby pathogenic organisms, but not necessarily all microorganisms or spores are destroyed |
Disinfection (Anti-septic) |
1. Physical A. Boiling B. Pasteurization C. Non-ionizing Radiation 2. Chemical A. Alcohol B. Aldehydes C. Halogens D. Heavy Metals E. Quats F. Phenolics |
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Physical Disinfectant which kills vegetative Bacteria |
Boiling |
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Physical Disinfectant used in the food industry Kills milk-borne pathogens |
Pasteurization |
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Physical Disinfectant Long wavelength Low Energy UV Rays |
NON-IONIZING Radiation |
Organisms must have direct surface exposure |
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Effectiveness of Alcohol as Disinfectant |
70% alcohol is more effective than 95% alcohol |
Inc water hydrolyzing bonds in protein molecules makes the killing of microorganisms more effective |
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Chemical Disinfectant that kills Endospores and is toxic to humans |
Aldehydes |
Formaldehyde - 8% Glutaraldehyde - 2%, Cold Sterilant |
|
Halogens that are frequently used as disinfectants |
1. Iodine 2. Chlorine |
Iodine prepared either as 1. Tincture with Alcohol 2. Iodophore coupled to neutral polymer (Povidone-Iodine) |
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Most common compound used for skin disinfection before drawing blood specimen for culture or surgery |
70% Alcohol followed by an Iodophor |
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Chorine is most often used in the form of |
Sodium Hypochlorite (Household Bleach) |
Routine: 60 secs HBV killed in: 10 mins HIV killed in: 2 mins |
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Expression of the bactericidal power of a particular substance compared to pure Phenol |
Phenol Coefficient |
PC < 1 Phenol is Better PC = 1 Equal Deficiency PC > 1 Disinfectant is Better |
|
Have no Known potential of infecting healthy people |
Biosafety Level 1 |
1. B. subtilis 2. M. gordonae 3. N. gruberi Precautions: PPE, Sterile Technique |
|
Common clinical pathogens in blood and body fluids |
Biosafety Level 2 |
1. B. anthracis 2. Y. pestis 3. Salmonella 4. Shigella 5. S. aureus 6. HIV 7. HBV Precautions: PPE, Sterile Technique, Contact Precautions, vaccination |
|
Exotic Viruses that pose life-threatening risks are transmitted via aerosols and does not have available vaccine or therapy |
Biosafety Level 4 |
1. Arboviruses 2. Arenaviruses 3. Filovirus Groups 4. Marburg or Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic fever
Precautions: Class III BSC, Maximum Containment, Personnel and all materials must be decontaminated before living the facility |
|
Airborne Viruses unlikely to be encountered in a routine clinical Laboratory |
Biosafety Level 3 |
1. Brucella 2. C. immitis 3. Rickettsiae 4. Arboviruses
Precautions: PPE, Sterile Technique, Aerosol Precautions, Vaccination |
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YELLOW in NFPA Diamond |
Reactivity |
SUVSM
0 = Stable 1 = Unstable if Heated 2 = Violent Chemical Change 3 = Shock and heat may deteriorate 4 = May deteriorate
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BLUE in NFPA Diamond |
HEALTH |
NSHED 0 = Normal Material 1 = Slightly Hazardous 2 = Hazardous 3 = Extreme Danger 4 = Deadly |
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Red in NFPA Diamond |
Flammability |
0 = Will not Burn 1 = Above 200F 2 = Below 200F 3 = Below 100F 4 = Below 73C
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Specimens for microbiology cultures should be collected in Sterile Containers except |
STOOL SPECIMENS |
Collected in Clean, Leakproof Container |
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Specimens should be transported to the laboratory within |
2 Hrs of Collection |
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Transport medium for Stool Pathogens |
Cary Blair |
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Urine preservative |
BORIC ACID |
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Highest concentration of Microbe is found during |
Height of Fever |
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Neutralizes Antimicrobials |
Thiol Broth |
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Remove antimicrobials before Culture |
ANTIMICROBIAL REMOVAL DEVICE (ARD) |
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Blood volume to be collected per set in adults |
</equal to 20mL |
5-10mL In Children O. 5-1mL In Neonates |
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CDC Recommended follow up Test for Stool specimens |
SHIGA TOXIN ASSAY |
Routine Culture: 1. Salmonella 2. Shigella 3. Campylobacter 4. Vibrio 5. Aeromonas 6. Plesimonas 7. Yersinia 8. E. coli 0157:H7 |
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Organisms that grow on ambient air which contains 21% O2 0.03% CO2 |
AEROBES |
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Organisms that grows in 20-40C Best: 30-37C |
Mesophilic |
Most pathogenic bacteria are mesophilic |
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Standard in Kirby-Bauer Sensitivity Test |
0.5 McFarland Standard |
1% H2SO4 1.175% BaCl2 |
|
Antibiotic Disk used in Kirby-Bauer measures |
6 mm |
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In Kirby-Bauer LOW pH causes |
1. Decreased activity of Aminoglycosides, Clindamycin, Erythromycin 2. Increased activity of Tetracycline |
Dec ACE High pH causes Decreased activity of Tetracycline |
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Agar used for S. pneumoniae in Kirby-Bauer |
MHA w/ 5% Sheep RBCs |
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Agar used for MRSA In Kirby-Bauer |
MHA W/ 2% NaCl |
Incubated for 24 hrs at 30-35C MRSA does not grow @ >35C temp |
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Agar used for N. meningitidis In Kirby-Bauer |
MHA w/ 2.5% Lysed Horse Blood |
For N. gonorrhoeae - GC Agar w/ supplements is used |
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Agar used for Mycobacteria In Kirby-Bauer |
Middlebrook 7H10 |
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What is added to MHA for it to become Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM) used for H. influenzae in Kirby-Bauer |
1. Hematin 2. NAD 3. Yeast Extract |
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What are the indicators for Improper Storage of Disk used in Kirby-Bauer |
1. Penicillin 2. Methicillin |
Other possible Sources of Error in Kirby-Bauer: 1. Use of Mixed Culture 2. Reading and Clerical Error 3. Deterioration of turbidity standard or control strains |
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Test which uses thin plastic test strips impregnated on the undersurface with an antimicrobial conc gradient and marked on the upper surface with a Conc index or scale |
E Test |
MIC is determined where the growth ellipse intersects the E-Strip |
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Test used to differentiate Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among S. aureus resulting from efflux |
D-Test |
Blunting of Clindamycin Zone to give D pattern Indicates Inducible Clindamycin Resistance |