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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensation |
Physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes in contact with the body |
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Transduction |
Light energy being converted into neural energy |
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Perception |
To become aware of something through our senses, interpretation |
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Hierarchical organization |
Organization into a series of levels that can be ranked to one another Lower Levels: most basic process, reception of stimuli Higher Levels: more specific and complex, like recognizing a face |
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Chemical senses |
Taste and smell |
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Where are rods and cones located? |
Rods: retina Cones: most concentrated in fovea |
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Young and Hemholtz's Trichromatic Theory |
Three cones each specialized to see different colors, blue (420), green (530), and red (560) Rods (496) |
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Herring's Opponent Process Theory |
Cones are specialized to see two complementary colors: blue and yellow...red and green |
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Most common type of color blind confusion |
Red/green |
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Visual agnosia |
Specific agnosia for a visual stimulus |
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Prosopagnosia |
Loss of ability to recognise faces Damage to fusiform face area |
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Visual pathway that projects to parietal lobe is involved in what? |
Movement and depth |
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Visual pathway that projects to temporal lobe is involved in what? |
Detecting the shape of objects |
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What is the blindspot? |
Area on the retina where the bundle of axons from the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye as the optic nerve |
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What is the fovea? |
Located in the macula of the retina and provides clear vision. Layers of the retina spread aside to let light fall directly on the cones |
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Retinal Cells |
Connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells
Cones have low convergence, one to one with ganglion, more specific
Rods have high convergence, 8 rods to one ganglion, more generalized |
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Visual Cortex |
Located around calcarine fissure. Bottom of occipital lobe |
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3 properties of sound, what do they correspond to? |
Frequency (pitch) Hz, amplitude (loudness) dB, complexity (timbre) |
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What is perfect pitch? |
Ability to hear a note and name it |
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Describe location of hair cells in relationship to the basilar membrane and tectorial membrane? |
Basilar membrane High frequencies: areas of membrane closer to the round and oval windows Low frequencies: areas at the tip of the membrane |
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Primary auditory cortex is arranged in a _____ map. |
Tonotopic |
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Difference between anterior and posterior auditory pathways |
Anterior: identification of sounds, projects to frontal lobe Posterior: locating sounds, projects to parietal lobe |
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Cochlea |
Sensory receptor cells in the inner ear, transduction takes place |
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Round window |
Natural hole in the bone that links the middle ear to the cochlea |
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Ear canal |
Outer ear, entry way for sound |
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Eardrum/Tympanic membrane |
Vibrates as sound hits it, outer ear |
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Pinna |
Outer ear, sound location |
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Ossicles |
Middle ear, amplify sound |
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Malleus |
(Transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus), middle ear, the hammer |
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Incus |
Middle ear, transmit vibrations to the stapes), anvil |
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Stapes |
(Transmits to the inner ear), middle ear, stirrup |
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What is the vestibular sense? |
How we maintain balance. Coordinates movement of head and eyes |
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What makes up the vestibular sacs? |
Utricle, Saccule, Receptor hairs in gelatinous mass, Calcium Carbonate Crystals (found on top of mass) |
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How does transduction occur in the vestibular sacs and the semicircular canals? |
Semicircular canal: rotational movement, spinning Vestibular sac: movement of the head at different angles |
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Describe where vestibular information travels in the brain |
Travels with the auditory nerve, enters brain in brainstem, projected to pons and cerebellum |
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Five types of sensory receptors in the skin? |
Free nerve endings (temperature and pain), ruffini corpuscles (gradual infentation-stretch), pacinian corpuscles (largest, vibrations), meissners corpuscles (papillae, vibration), merkels discs (indentation-pressure, adjacent to sweat glands) |
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What influences two-point discrimination for the cutaneous senses? |
Density of receptor cells |
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What nucleus of the thalamus does somatosensory information travel through? |
Ventral Posterior Nucleus of Thalamus |
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How is the primary somatosensory cortex organised? |
Map of the surface of the body, unequal representation of body. In parietal lobe |
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What is phantom limb pain? |
Cortical remapping, pain as if limb is still there and fist is made |
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What type of somatosensory info travels in the dorsal column medial lemniscal system? |
Fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and position sense |
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Type of somatosensory info that travels through the anterolateral system |
Sensation accompanied by a compulsion to act. Like an itch or pain |
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Ossicles |
Malleus, incus, stapes |
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Where and what is the piriform cortex? |
Near the amygdala in the temporal lobe Relates to sense of smell |
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Olfactory bulb, what and where |
Filters out smell, located in the forebrain behind the nose |
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How does odor perception occur? |
Connects to emotions, pheromones send out chemicals, per species, for mating |
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How would the piriform cortex and olfactory bulb be different in an animal with an excellent sense of smell? |
They would be larger |
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Where are the taste receptors located at? |
Around the papillae in the tongue? Also in cheeks and all over the mouth |
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What are the 5 categories of taste? |
Bitter, sweet, sour, salty, yumami |
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Supertaster |
Increased number of taste receptors |
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How are the receptors of taste and smell different than others? |
They're chemical |
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What are the major differences between taste/smell and the others? |
The olfactory neurons go through neurogenesis. 350 different kinds of Olfactory receptors. Taste and smell work together to create flavor. |
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Pathway for taste |
Primary Gustatory Pathway |
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The pathway for emotion associated with taste and smell terminates in the ? |
Amygdala |