Axial Muscles

Front 1

How are epaxial muscles defined? what is their general role?

Back 1

muscles dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae

extensors of the vertebral column

Front 2

How are hypaxial muscles defined? what is their general role?

Back 2

muscles ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae

(includes muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls)

inspiration and expiration

Front 3

the second cervical spinal nerve gives rise to what two nerves of the neck?

Back 3

great auricular nerve (sensory from neck, ear, caudal part of head)

transverse cervical (colli) nerve (sensory from cranioventral part of neck)

Front 4

What is the fate of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical spinal nerves?

Back 4

motor to muscles of the neck

sensory from skin of neck

sensory to skin (C3, C4, through omotransversarius)

contribute to phrenic nerve (ventral branch of C5)

Front 5

what muscles form the dorsal and ventral boundaries of the external jugular vein?

Back 5

dorsal: brachiocephalicus

(c-cervicalis and c-mastoideus)

ventral: sternocephalicus

(s-occipitalis and s-mastoideus)

Front 6

Back 6

top: maxillary vein

middle: linguofacial vein

bottom: external jugular vein

Front 7

the external jugular is formed by the joining of which two veins?

Back 7

maxillary vein and linguofacial vein

(linguofacial vein is formed by joining of lingual and facial veins)

Front 8

what structure connects the R and L lingual veins in the dog, and the R and L linguofacial veins in the cat?

Back 8

venous hyoid arch

Front 9

which is located more dorsally, the esophagus or the trachea?

Back 9

the esophagus

Front 10

the trachea has an associated muscle and associated ligaments. what are these called?

Back 10

Tracheal ligaments (course between tracheal rings)

Trachealis muscle (fills dorsal gap formed by incomplete tracheal rings, made of smooth muscle)

Front 11

where is the thyroid gland located in relation to the trachea and the larynx?

Back 11

lateral aspect of the trachea

caudal to the larynx

Front 12

what structures are contained within the carotid sheath? (hint, there's 5)

Back 12

common carotid artery

vagosympathetic trunk

recurrent laryngeal nerve

jugular vein

tracheal lymphatic duct

Front 13

Longus capitis insertion and origin

Back 13

courses between C6 vertebra and the skull

lateral to Longus colli

O: caudal portions of transverse processes of C2-C6

I: muscular tubercle of basioccipital bone

Front 14

Longus capitis action

Back 14

flex atlanto-occipital joint and draw neck downward

Front 15

Back 15

Longus capitis

Front 16

Longus colli thoracic part, origin and insertion

Back 16

courses between T6 and C1 vertebrae

medial to Longus capitis

O: ventral surfaces, T1-T6

I: transverse processes C6-C7

Front 17

Longus colli cervical portion, origin and insertion

Back 17

courses between T6 and C1 vertebrae

medial to Longus capitis

O: ventral border of transverse processes C3-C6

I: ventral crest of preceding vertebra, cranial segment inserts on ventral tubrecle of atlas

Front 18

What is the action of Longus colli?

Back 18

draw the neck downward

Front 19

Back 19

Longus colli

Front 20

What are the 2 general actions of hypaxial muscles?

Back 20

Inspiration: increase size of the thoracic cavity, ribs move cranially and outward

Expiration: decrease the size of the thoracic cavity, ribs move caudally and inward

Front 21

what nerves innervate the hypaxial muscles?

Back 21

1. ventral branches of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

2. intercostal nerves

Front 22

what is the action of scalenus? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 22

inspiration: draw ribs cranially

hypaxial

Front 23

what is the action of serratus dorsalis cranialis? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 23

inspiration: lift ribs

hypaxial

Front 24

what is the action of serratus dorsalis caudalis? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 24

expiration: draw the last 3-4 ribs caudally

hypaxial

Front 25

what is the action of rectus thoracis? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 25

aid in inspiration

hypaxial

Front 26

what is the action of the external intercostal muscles? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 26

draw the ribs together

inspiration (pull ribs cranially)

hypaxial

Front 27

what is the action of the internal intercostal muscles? hypaxial or epaxial?

Back 27

draw the ribs together

expiration (retract the ribs)

hypaxial

Front 28

Are external and internal abdominal oblique hypaxial or epaxial? where are they found (general region)?

Back 28

hypaxial

abdominal wall

Front 29

is transversus abdominis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)?

Back 29

hypaxial

abdominal wall

Front 30

is rectus abdominis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)?

Back 30

hypaxial

abdominal wall

Front 31

Is ventrolateral sacrocaudalis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)?

Back 31

hypaxial

tail

Front 32

is ventromedial sacrocaudalis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)?

Back 32

hypaxial

tail

Front 33

is ventral caudal intertransversarius hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)?

Back 33

hypaxial

tail

Front 34

how are epaxial muscles innervated?

Back 34

dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal nerves

Front 35

Epaxial muscles are divided into what 3 systems?

Back 35

Iliocostalis system (most lateral epaxials)

Longissimus system

Transversospinalis system

Front 36

Back 36

A. Transversospinalis system

B. Longissimus system

C. Iliocostalis system

Front 37

What muscles are included in the Iliocostalis system?

Back 37

Iliocostalis lumborum

Iliocostalis thoracis

Front 38

What muscles are included in the Longissimus system?

Back 38

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum

Longissimus cervicis

Longissimus atlantis

Longissimus capitis

Front 39

What muscles are included in the Transversospinalis system?

Back 39

Splenius

semispinalis capitis (biventer/cervicis and complexus)

rectus capitis dorsalis

obliquus capitis caudalis

obliquus capitis cranialis

spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

multifidus

rotator

interspinales

intertransversarii

Front 40

What is the general location, innervation, and action of the iliocostalis system?

Back 40

courses between the ilium and C7

innervated by dorsal branches of throacic and lumbar spinal nerves

action: fixation of vertebral column, lateral movement, aids in expiration

Front 41

Back 41

A. Iliocostalis thoracis

B. Iliocostalis lumborum

Front 42

What is the general location and innervation of the longissimus system?

Back 42

extends from the ilium to the head

innervated by dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 43

what is the strongest muscle of the trunk in the lumbar and thoracic regions?

Back 43

Longissimus thoracis et lumborum

Front 44

Back 44

red: longissimus capitis

green: longissimus cervicis

purple: longissimus thoracis

Front 45

Back 45

longissimus lumborum

Front 46

What is the general location and innervation of the transversospinalis system?

Back 46

most medial and deep epaxial muscle mass

innervated by dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal spinal nerves

Front 47

Back 47

top: rhomboideus

black: splenius

bottom: serratus ventralis cervicis

Front 48

Back 48

blue: semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis

red: semispinalis capitis complexus

Front 49

Back 49

nuchal ligament

Front 50

Back 50

1. rectus capitis dorsalis

2. obliquus capitis cranialis

3. obliquus capitis caudalis

Front 51

what is the attachment and main action of rectus capitis dorsalis?

Back 51

courses from the spinous process of C2 (axis) to the occipital bone

extends the atlanto-occipital joint

Front 52

what is the attachment and main action of obliquus capitis cranialis?

Back 52

from the lateral surface of the wing of the atlas (C1) to the mastoid process and nuchal crest of the skull

extends the atlanto-occipital joint

Front 53

what is the attachment and main action of obliquus capitis caudalis?

Back 53

from the spinous process and caudal articular process of the axis (C2) to the wing of the atlas (C1)

unilateral action: rotation of the atlas on the axis

bilateral action: fixation of the atlantoaxial joint

Front 54

Back 54

spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

Front 55

Back 55

multifidus lumborum

Front 56

Back 56

multifidus cervicis

Front 57

what is unique about the rotator muscles in the deep epaxial system?

Back 57

it is only present in the cranial thoracic region, not in the lumbar region

Front 58

What are the names of the epaxial tail muscles?

Back 58

dorsolteral sacrocaudalis

dorsomedial sacrocaudalis

dorsal caudal intertransversarius

Front 59

Back 59

iliocostalis lumborum

longissimus lumborum

multifidus lumborum

dorsolateral sacrocaudalis

dorsomedial sacrocaudalis

dorsal caudal intertransersarius