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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Characteristics of autism

- Impaired social interaction


- Impaired communication


- Repititive and stereotyped behaviour


- Impaired cognition

Kanner (1943) Definition

- One peculiarity of autistic children having an anxiously obsessive desire for the preservation of sameness

Asperger similarities & differences to Kanner

- Similar: social withdrawal, obsessive routine, pursuit in special interests



-Differences: language, motor skills, learning abilities

Autism is a devlopmental condition affecting the way the brain processes info

- Genetic element


- Not emotional deprivation thats a myth


- Physical factors

Fombonne et al (2011)

- Half may have a learning disability


- Way more recorded males

Types of Autistic Spectrum Disorder


(Interactive Autism Network)

- Autism (44%)


- PDD NOS (29%)


- Asperger (15%)


- Other (12%)

Why is autism on the rise in Germany?

- 30% increase in 2 years


- Assessment difficulties


- Definition changes


- Development of diagnostic methods


- Sample differences (first studies looking at 8yr olds)

Triad of Impairment (APA, 1994)

-Communication: Language impairment


- Socialisation: relationships, timing, empathy


- Rigidity of thinking: inflexibility of thought, obsessional behaviour

Dyad of Impairment (APA, 2013) DSM-5

- Communication/Social Interaction: Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, emotions, reduced sharing of interests



- Restricted, repetitive behaviour: hypo-hypersensetive, motor movements, speech, rigidity

3 types of Autism spectrum disorder (DSM-5)

1) Asperger syndrome


2) Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD, regressive autism)


3) Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, atypical autism)

Autism diagnosis (overlaps with PDD-NOS)

- Communication: Non-verbal/Echolaic


- Socialisation: Appears unaware/no interest


- Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Physical rocking/headbanging

PDD-NOS (overlaps with autism & asperger's disorder)

- Communication: Scripts/lacking functionality


- Socialisation: Parallel play/lacks age appropriate skills


- Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Preoccupation with parts/spinning objects

Asperger's disorder (overlaps with PDD-NOS)

- Communication: Verbal/lacks pragmatic aspects of communication


- Socialisation: Interest/lack of social understanding


- Repetitive patterns of behaviour: Over focus on topic

Sensory issues and autism

Sensory issues affected with autism by vestibular (inner ear) & proprioceptive (muscles and joints) being connected

Sight

- Hypo sensation: Darker, relies on peripherals, blurred, clumsy



- Hyper sensations: Brighter, distortion, sensitive, reacts violently, objects jump around

Hearing

-Hypo: sounds partially heard, sounds muffled, seeks loud noise



-Hyper: distorted and painful sounds, overwhelmed and needs to hold hands over ears

Smell

- Hypo: Ignores bad smells and will eat off things



- Hyper: Overwhelmed, panic in certain environments, intolerance

Touch

Hypo: Low response, cant report illness, risk of harm



Hyper: overwhelmed, avoids certain fabrics, still seeks out firm consistent touch even when could be painful or overstimulating

Executive Function Defecit Theory:

Is it all in the brain? (Vermeulen, 2010)


Autistic thinking: context blind, rigidity, detail focused, problems with intuition, literal

Autism in the brain

-Prefrontal cerebral cortex (social thinking)


-Hypothalamus (Attachment behaviours)


-Amygdala (Social orientation, emotional learning)


-Fusiform Gyrus (Face recognition)


-Middle temporal gyrus (Recognition of facial expression)

Is autism a disorder of executive function?

Russell, Ozonoff et al. (1991)


- Executive order underlies many key feat of ASD especially rigidity


- difficulties initiating new non-routine actions, tendency to be stuck

Cognitive evidence of EF deficits in autism

Pennington & Ozonoff 1996


- 14 studies found deficits in autism on at least one measure of EF


- Autism poorer on 78% of tasks

Biological evidence of EF

- Unusual function in the frontal areas with autistic folk (George et al 1992)


- Participants with autism showed reduced activation during working memory tasks (Koshino et al 2005)

Executive function summary

- Evidence for autism as executive disorder at cog and bio levels


- Questions over primary, universality and specificity of EF deficits in autism


- Further research needed