Archaeology Test 1

Front 1

What techniques do archaeologists use to locate archaeological sites?

Back 1

-Satellites

-Google earth

-Aerial photographs

-Drones

-Look at historic maps

-American indian trails

-Sanborn fire insurance maps

Front 2

What individuals helped develop a more scientific archaeology?

Back 2

Charles lyell- father of geology

Charles Darwin- evolution of cultures, worms

Front 3

Matrix refers to ________________

Back 3

Soil that holds everything up

Front 4

Thomas Jefferson's excavation of a burial mound was significant because___________

Back 4

He figured out the mounds were built by native americans not the “mound-builders”, which inspired the Smithsonian to do a study on it

Front 5

An archaeological site is_______________

Back 5

-Loci of human activity-minimally consists of concentrations of one form of archaeological data

-Usually consists of patterned arrangements of artifacts, ecofacts, and features

Front 6

Provenience refers to____________________

Back 6

3 dimensional location of something in space of earth

Front 7

Association refers to_______________

Back 7

2 or more things found together

Front 8

What factors are involved in the transformation of an archaeological site?

Back 8

-Cultural and Natural transforms

-Construction

-Reverse stratigraphy- erosion causes the earliest area to be covered and the oldest area to be exposed

Front 9

Who is considered the father of American Anthropology?

Back 9

Franz Boas

Front 10

What is true of American Archaeology during the New Deal?

Back 10

-Archaeology was done where unemployment was highest

-It gave a large number of people jobs

-Unemployment was highest in the winter so archeology was done then

-Workers provided basic tools so free tools

-Skilled people (professors, museum workers) and semi-skilled people (people who didn’t know about archaeology) were doing archaeology because there was training on the job

Front 11

The four human behavioral processes that help create the archaeological record are ________

Back 11

1. Acquisition

2. Manufacture

3. Use

4. Deposition

Front 12

Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) was responsible for what?

Back 12

Using the bible to argue that the world was created in 4004 BC, showing that anything found has to happen in 6,000 year time period.

Front 13

Classical archaeology is defined as____________________

Back 13

The study of Rome and Greece (pottery, etc)

Front 14

What are the forms of absolute dating?

Back 14

Radiometric- based on rate of radioactive decay

Varves- tree ring dating but using soil

Front 15

Potassium-argon is most commonly used to help date________________

Back 15

-Volcanic rock

-Things older than 100,000 years

Front 16

What objects are suitable for radiocarbon dating?

Front 17

What are advantages that AMS dating has over conventional dating?

Back 17

Directly dates radioactive material

Front 18

What are forms of relative dating?

Back 18

-Stratigraphy

-cultural/natural associations

-Seriation

-cross dating points

-stylistic seriation

Front 19

What techniques are used to obtain an absolute date for a site?

Back 19

-Ecofacts of known age (tree ring growth)

-Artifacts of known age (coins, dated inscriptions)

Front 20

Historical archaeology, as defined in the U.S., includes the study of what societies?

Back 20

Western European Expansion

(post-columbian societies, interacting w american indians, Williamsburg/Mount Vernon-African American)

Front 21

C-transforms are________________

Back 21

Anything caused by humans (not nature)

Front 22

What did Professor Means find through AMS dating of Monongahela villages?

Back 22

Which village is earlier and which one is later through radiocarbon dating

Front 23

A secondary context is_________

Back 23

Primary- excavate and find in the spot someone was using it

Secondary- everything else

Front 24

Absolute dating is _______

Back 24

Archaeologist produce a calendar then determine the age of something

Front 25

Relative dating

Back 25

Dated roughly in reference to other artifacts, ecofacts, layers, or features

Front 26

Archaeomagnetism is done by_______

Back 26

Location of the magnetic pole that created the direction recorded in the hearth

Front 27

AMS is __________

Back 27

Directly dating radioactive material

Front 28

Shroud of Turin

Back 28

-Was doubted because there was no mention of the Shroud of Turin in a historic document and people constantly faking religious artifacts.

-They decided to use radiometric dating and found it was from the 1300

Front 29

Dead sea scrolls

Back 29

-Cave in israel

-Texts that matched the old testament

-Question was raised: "Are these people copying the old testament, or are these part of the documents of the old testament?"

-Dated earlier than the old testament so they contributed to the bible

Front 30

Ice Man

Back 30

-Found in alps

-Stone tools found were old, axe was more recent

-Gained knowledge: copper axes were present in europe earlier than most people thought

Front 31

Stages in CRM Archaeology

Back 31

Phase 1- Survey

Phase 2- Evaluation

Phase 3- Data Recovery

Front 32

Martz Rock Shelter

Back 32

-Rock shelter- an overhang used to get shelter and do activities

-Occupied on a short term basis by humans

-Prehistoric and historic artifacts found (shovel head)

Front 33

Information to gather once an archaeological site is found

Back 33

-Do an archaeological survey

-Controlled and transect surface collection

-Put grid over whole area and number them

-Once uncovered, record characteristics

(Receive number, State number (ranking), Two letter (city, county, parish). Number of order of site recorded)

Front 34

USGS quadrangle topographic maps are used to__________

Back 34

Tell you about distance to water, elevation, kind of land (flat, hilltop, floodplain), slope of sight, buildings and roads

Front 35

What do geological maps do?

Back 35

-Show us the kind of rocks that are available

-Show us the underlying geology?

Front 36

What is the predictive Model

Back 36

Observed locations used to then predict sites that have yet to be uncovered

Front 37

What are the two types of sampling?

Back 37

Non-arbitrary units- Non random

Arbitrary units-

-No clear pattern other than boundaries.

-Random sampling- choose grid units randomly

Front 38

Is excavation destructive?

Back 38

Yes, becasue...

You can’t un-dig an archaeological site

Front 39

What are the goals of excavation?

Back 39

Understand horizontally what’s going on, and vertically what’s going on.

-Plan view- horizontal

-Profile- vertical

Front 40

What are the two types of datum?

Back 40

1. Entire site

-How you link your archaeology site to the world

-Permanent location (not on a tree of something)

2. Unit

- For references within the unit

Front 41

Remote sensing is done by_________

Back 41

-Soil resistivity

-Using a multi colored map to compare

No resistance- blue

Resistance- red

Front 42

Characteristics of dry screening

Back 42

-No water is used

- Mesh screen that is a quarter inch is used to sift dirt away

Front 43

Characteristics of wet screening

Back 43

-Uses water to wash off dirt

-Takes more time than dry screening

(Ex. Used on food artifacts and burials)

Front 44

What are good techniques to photographing a unit?

Back 44

-Scale

-Shoot the entire unit before you start excavating (very important in public area)

-Make sure lighting is consistent

Front 45

What is stratigraphy?

Back 45

Recording of the layers to figure out what the meaning of them is.

Front 46

How many hours should you spend in the field?

Back 46

4, and more outside of it

Front 47

Legacy of the “New” archaeology:

research design and methods

Back 47

1. Project goal

2. Hypothesis

3. Strategy and rationale

4. Field methods

5. Result and analyses

6. Interpretation

Front 48

What does a good unit map contain?

Back 48

-A Scale

-A North area

-A key

Front 49

What do you have to do to profile a unit?

Back 49

-Draw a profile

-Record

(what kind of soil, what color soil, etc.)

Front 50

Obsidian hydration is most commonly used in the USA. T or F?

Back 50

False, it is mostly used outside of the USA because it uses absolute dating on volcanos

Front 51

What is BETA dating?

Back 51

It is done on charcoal and BETA particles are recorded

Front 52

How is a radiocarbon formula written?

Back 52

Radiocarbon age, Before present

(10,000, 1950)

Front 53

What could the finding of un-local materials mean?

Back 53

Trade

Front 54

What does the NAG PRA do?

Back 54

Protects Native American indian remains during grave excavation

Front 55

Prehistorians

Back 55

Study the period before writing

Front 56

Egyptology

Back 56

Study development of Egyptian culture

Front 57

Biblical Arhaeology

Back 57

People or places mentioned in the bible

Front 58

Industrial Archeology

Back 58

Study of mills, factories, and how to understand past industry

Front 59

Underwater archaeology

Back 59

-Prehistoric & historic

-Possibly used to be land, now under water

Front 60

Relief Archaeology

Back 60

The study of 1930s and the Great Depression

Front 61

Assryiology

Back 61

Study of Babylonian development and cunieform

Front 62

Salvage Archaeology

Back 62

After WW2

Front 63

What are key factors to remember about Pompeii

Back 63

-Volcanic eruption

-Pompeii was buried in ash

-1730 people began excavating Pompeii to loot artifacts for trading

Front 64

What are the parts of the three age system?

Back 64

1. Stone Age

2. Bronze Age

3. Iron Age

Front 65

How does the three age system work?

Back 65

Looks at the material of the tool to figure out the age of the tool.

Front 66

Who was Giovanni Belzoni?

Back 66

He was a tomb raider and a looter who opened the tomb of Thebes with dynamite. And he sent a lot of artifacts to England for $ in return.

Front 67

What languages were the 3 passages of writing on the Rosetta Stone written in?

Back 67

1. Greek

2. Cursive Egyptian

3. Egyptian

Front 68

What did the Rosetta Stone do for history?

Back 68

It was used to look at common symbols and figure out what hieroglyphics meant. It opened up Egyptian history.

Front 69

What did Heinrich Schliemann contribute to Archaeology

Back 69

He inspired people in Ancient Olympia to do the first proper excavation after he tore through a mound in Troy improperly.

Front 70

What is unilineal evolution

Back 70

What every culture goes through:

1. Savagery

2. Barbarism

3. Civilization

Front 71

What did Howard Carter find? And what did he do after he found it?

Back 71

He found King Tut's tomb

Then he spent 7 years carefully documenting his findings and the details of it

Front 72

What was the first archeological site of the new deal?

Back 72

F.E.R.A in Marksville Mount, Louisiana

Front 73

What were the pros and cons of the cultural history approach?

Back 73

Pro: organizes artifacts by time period and tries to make sense of the artifact over time

Con: does not explain WHY

Front 74

What is radio carbon dating?

Back 74

A way to date archaeological sites by using the radioactive form of carbon on anything organic

Front 75

What is the benefit of the culture process school?

Back 75

It got rid of the culture history approach and explained WHY. It is the current process used today

Front 76

What is the archaeological research process?

Back 76

Theory> method> interpretation> evidence

Front 77

How do archaeologists reconstruct the past?

Back 77

-Form

-Function

-Process

Front 78

What is the TPQ?

Back 78

The date AFTER which an artifact, ecofact, or feature was deposited

Front 79

What is the TAQ?

Back 79

The date BEFORE which an artifact, ecofact, or feature was deposited

Front 80

What is cross dating used for?

Back 80

To link layers at archeological sites together

Front 81

What were artifactual spears/points used for?

Back 81

They were the prime thing used to date sites in the USA

Front 82

What is dendrochronology?

Back 82

Tree ring dating

(can be both absolute and relative dating)

Front 83

What is stylistic seriation?

Back 83

Petrie used the style of artifacts to determine the age of them