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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Richard Potts
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stone cache hypothesis- early hominids had stone tools stashed away at strategic places for their usage at their site
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Glynn Isaac
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home-base model to explain tool-
places where homninids gathered (central place) after hunting/gathering |
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Lewis Binford
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determined that early humans were not proficient hunters because the bones found were not the best parts of the meat, which he believes indicates that they were opportunistic scavengers
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FLK and DK
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the sites that produced the Zinjanthropus fossil in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania; A. boisei
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Olduvai Gorge
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The archaeological site made famous by excavations by Lewis and Mary Leakey (H. habilis, Zinjanthropus)
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Koobi Fora
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located near Lake Turkana
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FxJj 50
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located within Koobi Fora
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Laetoli
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A set of A. afarensis footprints that were formed in lava ash in Tanzania (found by Mary Leaky)
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Morgan & Tylor
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Universal stage of human progress;decided they could group humans into different stages
(savagery->barbarism->civilization) |
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Service classified human societies based on 3 criteria...
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Size
Subsistence Strategy Social Organization |
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Unilinear Evolution
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all societies pass through/progress through evolutionary stages; cultural complexity=cultural worth
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Processual Archaeology
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thought that the past was unbiased, knowable, and that archaeologists could be objective
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Post-processual Archaeology
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states that no one perceives the past objectively, what we see is influenced by out own cultural context
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Icons
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evocative symbols that tell preexisting stories of gendered heroism, motherhood, etc in encultured viewers
~representations and symbols that transmit culture |
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Motifs
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representations of objects that are replicated from 1 form to another w/ little variation in form
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Direct Analysis
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analysis of an object itself, to arrive at its age
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Indirect Analysis
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application of the date for object "a" to compare to object "b" or "c"
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Strength of Association
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how sure you are that objects are related
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Relative Dating
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do not express absolute time
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Examples of Relative Dating
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Law of Superposition
Index Fossil Concept Fossil Directeurs Artifact Forms Diagnostic of a certain time |
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Index Fossil Concept
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Observed forms of life changed over time(?)
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Seriation
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arranging objects so that those adjacent to one another are more alike than objects further apart
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Stylistic Seriation
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arrange artifacts into sequenced based on changes in shapes and styles
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Frequency Seriation
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determines the sequence of deposits by looking at the frequency of types; will follow a predictable "battleship" curve
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Absolute Dating
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actual ages to archaeological finds; often rely on the amount of unstable elements in a sample
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Examples of Absolute Dating
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Carbon-14 dating
AMS dating K/Ar Dating |
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Willard Libby
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studied cosmic radiation; able to determine the half life of carbon-14
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Half-Life
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the time it takes for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay
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Half-Life of Carbon-14
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~5700 years
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AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry)
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counting C-14 atoms directly
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Limitations
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~Insecure Context
~Radiocarbon Dates are statistical in nature ~Uses the assumption that the amount of C14 in the atmosphere is constant |
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Carbon-14 dating is used to dates things between the age of...
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300 years to 100,000 years
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Half life of Potassium/Argon
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~2.3 billion years
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K/Ar dating dates objects older than...
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500,000 years
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K/Ar dating is a type of...
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indirect absolute dating
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Limitations of K/Ar dating
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~must use volcanic rocks
~extremely inaccurate ~age must be at least 500,000 y/o |
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Actualistic Studies
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studies in which actual behavior is linked to diagnostic material remains
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Ethnoarchaeology
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an ethnography done by archaeologists
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Gossip can be used as...
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a leveling device for when someone has too much power or when they are acting out of concordance with the societal norm
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Coffee Group
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ubiquitous groups (usually older men) who gossip
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Cross-Cutting Ties
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1200-2000 people, related by blood and marriage; many stranded relationships; anything you do affects multiple roles
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Cheap Information
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everyone knows everything due to small group size; refers to a common fund of info that everybody knows
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Pliocene Era
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~5mya-1.8/1.7 mya
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Pleistocene Era
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~1.8/1.7mya-10kya
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Holocene Era
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~10kya-present
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Lower Paleolithic
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~2.6mya to ~200kya
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Middle Paleolithic
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~200kya to 40kya
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Upper Paleolithic
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40kya to 10kya
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The Paleolithic Time Sequence has an equivalent in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Early, Middle, and Late Stone Age
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Hominin
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humans and their ancestors (including Australopithecines)
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Australopithecus
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an early hominin genus of Africa, characterized by bipedal locomotion and relatively small brains
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Gracile Australopithecine Brain Size
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~450 cc
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Australopithecus afarensis Date
(Gracile) |
4-3mya
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A. afarensis Location
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Eastern Africa
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Lucy
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an extremely famous A. afarensis fossil found by Donald Johansen in Hadar, Ethiopia
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Australopithecus africanus Date
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3-2.2 mya
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The Taung Boy
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a famous A. africanus child fossil found in South Africa by Raymond Dart
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Robust Australo Brain
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~530cc
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A. robustus location and time
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Southern Africa, 2-1 mya
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A. boisei location and time
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Eastern Africa, 2.2-1 mya
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FLK-Zinj, Olduvai Gorge
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Discovery by Mary Leakey of an A. boisei which was originally named "Zinjanthropus"
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Subsistence Strategy of Australos
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scavenging
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Australos and stone tools
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None
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Habilines time period
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2.4-1.6mya
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H. habilis Brain Size
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600-700cc
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Sites Relevant to H. habilis
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Gona River
DK, FLK-Olduvai FxJj 50-Koobi Fora |
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Tool Style for H. habilis
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Oldowan tools
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H. habilis Subsistence
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opportunistic scavenger/hunter
no big game |
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H. habilis Social Organization
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band/camp (competing hypothesis)
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H. erectus Time Period
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1.8 mya-?
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H. erectus brain size
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~1000cc
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Nariokotome Boy
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a H.erectus adolescent fossil dated 1.6 mya; found West of Lake Turkana
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H. erectus Sites
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Africa by 1.8mya and China by 1.1mya
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H. erectus Stone Tool Culture
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~Acheulean tool technology
~bifacial flaked handaxes and cleavers ~Standardization in stone tools over wide geographic area |
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Movius Line
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boundary of Acheulean handaxes; common in Africa, Europe, SW Asia, but rare east of India
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H. erectus Subsistence
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hunters/scavengers (maybe some big game)
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H. erectus Social Organization
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may be evidence for temporary campsites/windbreaks
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H. erectus Significant Findings
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Evidence of Fire
No evidence for symbolic behavior No intentional burials |
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Analogy
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basis for all prehistoric constructions; based on the idea that is 2 phenomena are alike in one respect they may be alike in other respects as well
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Dating Gap
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a large gap in dating (no great absolute dating method)
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Richard Lee
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reread "Christmas in the Kalahari"
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Blumenschine
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Riperian Scavenging Model-
determined what might be left in different hunting situation |
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Lower Paleolithic Highlights
*add more to slide* |
Oldest stone tools found
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