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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Duration of STM
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20 seconds
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Duration of LTM
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2 hours to 100 years
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LTM Encoding
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Semantic (meaning)
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STM Encoding
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Acoustic or visual
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Capacity of LTM
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Unlimited
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Capacity of STM
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7 -/+ 2 chunks
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Duration LTM research (KEY STUDY)
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Shepard
612 pictures shown an hour later = almost perfect recognition 4 months later = 50 % were recognised |
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Duration STM research (KEY STUDY)
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Peterson and Peterson
24 uni students 3 letters and 3 numbers participants count backwards until told to stop 90% remembrance when 3s interval 2% if interval is 18s |
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Evaluation of duration of STM
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Nairne
same items recalled across trails 96sec duration STM can last unless other material overwrites it |
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Duration Definition
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A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available
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Capacity of STM (KEY STUDY)
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Miller
people can cope with counting 7 dots across the screen same with words,letters or music notes 7 -/+ 2 chunks |
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Capacity of STM (digit span technique)
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Jacobs
9.3 items 7.3 letters easier to renumber digits as they are 9 of them, there are 26 letters |
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STM capacity evaluation
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Vogel
looked at capacity in terms of visual info 4 items |
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Encoding of STM and LTM
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Baddeley
gave participants a list of words acoustically similar or dissimilar semantically similar or dissimilar 4 list in total STM: trouble remembering acoustically similar words LTM: trouble remembering semantically similar |
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Evaluation of encoding
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Brandimote
participants used visual encoding if if given a visual task and verbal rehearsal was prevented (said la la la during test) |
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Capacity Definition
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Measure of how much can be held in a memory. Measured in terms of bits of information eg.numbers
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Encoding Definition
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The way information is changed so that it can be stored in memories.
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Multi-store Model
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Environmental stimuli
Sensory memory Attention STM Maintenance rehearsal LTM |
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Evidence for sensory store
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Sperling
grid of letters shown for 50 milliseconds asked to recall whole thing or one row whole thing worse: 42% recalled row: 75% recalled |
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Evidence for distinction between STM and LTM
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Glanzer and Cunitz
list of 20 words presented one at a time asked to recall remembered best start of the list because it transferred to their LTM as they were rehearsing them (primacy effect) and remembered the last ones (recency effect) as thesoe are in the STM |
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STM and LTM Separate Case Study
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Scoville and Milner
HM Removed hippocampus to reduce epilepsy after his personality was the same but he could not form any LT memories hippocampus = memory gateway |
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Strengths of MSM
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strong evidence of 3 separate stores
has both structure and processes has predictions about memory so psychologists can conduct studies to test it |
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Evaluation: STM and LTM are not unitary
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KF case study
suffered brain damage difficulty in verbal information no change in processing visual information STM not a single store |
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Evaluation: STM and LTM are not separate
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Logie
STM relies on LTM eg to chunk AQABBCICT you need meanings from LTM eg AQA is an exam board, BBC is a news network etc. |
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Working Memory Model Components
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Central Executive
Episodic buffer Visuo-spatial sketch pad Phonological loop |
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Central Executive
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Determines how resources are allocated to the three slave systems
Has a limited capacity so con't control many things at once |
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Phonological Loop
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Deals with auditory information
and preserves order of information It's like your inner ear When we see or hear words They are repeated in the phonological loop |
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Visuo-spatial sketchpad
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Used when you have to plan a spatial task like walking from one room to another
Visual and special info is temporary stored here Visual = what we see Spatial = relationship between things |
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Episodic buffer
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Baddeley added it
General store that integrates information from other components Its capacity is also limited |
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Support of the WMM (Two tasks) |
Hitch and Baddeley task one to occupy the central (true or false statement) task 2: articulatory loop - say the the the repeatedly OR say random digits (central executive and loop) |
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Evidence for central executive |
Bunge fMRI to see which parts of the brain were active when 2 tasks were done same brain areas were active but dual task conditions more activity was shown |
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Criticism of central executive |
Case study Test required reasoning were passed well - central intact Poor decision making skills- central not intact Therefore, central more complex |
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Evidence for visuo-spatial sketchpad |
Baddley and 1) describe the angles of letter F or 2) verbal task task 1 was more difficult |
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Eyewitness Testimony (KEY STUDY) |
Loftus and Palmer 45 students shown a film of a car crash then a questionnaire different questions: changed the verb smashed highest estimate |
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Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer |
Sample size guessed the experiment individual differences - more accurate speed estimates from those who drive |
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Weapon focus effect |
Johnson and Scott Two conditions one with weapon one with no weapon participants heard a discussion in another room 1) come out with a pen-knife 2) come out holding a pen later asked to identify the person 1) 33% accurate 2) 49% accurate |
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Anxiety has positive effects |
Chistanson and Hubinette 58 witnesses of a bank robbery those who were threatened remembered more |
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Anxiety has negative effects |
Deffenbacher meta analysis of 18 studies high levels of stress = poorer recall |
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Own Age Bias |
Rhodes and Anastasi three aged groups after filler activity 48 photographs young and middle aged more accurate all age groups more accurate at identifying their own group |
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Cognitive Interview |
Fisher and Geiselman
2. Mental reinstatement 3) Change order 4) Change prespective |
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Cognitive Interview Evaluation |
Kohnken 53 studies 34% more corrext information generated when using CI compared to standard Problem: time consuming |
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Verbal Mnemonics |
Acronym (sentence from letters) Acrostic (first letter of each word is the first letter of the word you want to remember) Rhymes Chunking |
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Visual Imagery Mnemonics |
Loci Keyword method (linking two words) Mind maps |
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How mnemonics work |
Organisation of information = links Process of elaboration Dual coding |
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Evaluation of Mnemonics |
Taught to individuals with Down syndrome Lab experiments Key wording = learned more Russian words |