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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the definition of attachment? |
A close two-way bond between two people who see each other as essential for emotional security. |
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What are the attachment behaviours? |
Proximity (staying close), Separation distress, secure-base behaviour (regular contact) |
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What is reciprocity? |
Two individuals (parent-infant) responding to each other's signals. |
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What does Feldman (2007) say about reciprocity? |
Babies have alert phases to signal that they are ready for interaction. 3 months = frequent interaction and close attention to facial/verbal signals |
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How does Brazleton (1975) describe reciprocity? |
Parent-infant interaction like a dance. Both baby and parent are actively responding to each other's moves. |
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What is interactional synchrony? |
Temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour (mirror actions and emotions) |
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What was Meltzoff of Moore's observation (1977)? |
2 week old infants. Adult displayed 1/3 facial expressions/gestures. Association between expressions/gestures and babies' actions found. |
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What does Isabella et al. (1989) observation say about interactional synchrony? |
Assessed degree of synchrony of 30 mothers and infants and mother-infant attachment quality. high synchrony=better quality attachment |
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What did Grossman's longitudinal study find about the role of the father in infant attachments? |
Looked at parent's behaviour and attachment quality (child>teen). Attachment quality with mother affected attachment quality in teens. Father play quality=teen attachment quality (father's have a play/stimulation role) |
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What does Tiffany Field's investigation of parent-infant interaction show? |
Filmed 4 y/o interaction with primary mum/secondary dad/primary dad. Primary figure=more smiling/imitating/holding Fathers can take on nurturing role (responsiveness NOT gender) |
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What are the evaluation points of caregiver-infant interactions? |
W: reason for actions is not sure S: Interaction filmed at multiple angles=fine detail. S: Babies unaware=natural behaviour=good validity |
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What are the evaluation points of attachment figures? |
W: Findings in primary/secondary fathers different W: Single-mum children don't develop differently=secondary fathers unimportant W: Socially sensitive; mothers work quick=synchrony down. lifestyle implications.
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What was the investigation by Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? |
Investigate early attachment formation METHOD: 60 babies (Glasgow, W/C), Visited monthly 1y/o->18m/o, measured separation/stranger anxiety. FINDING: 25-32 weeks, 30 babies=separation anxiety (mother)[most interactive]. 40 weeks, 80% specific attachment, 30% multiple. |
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What are Schaffer's stages of attachment? |
A sequence of qualitatively different behaviours linked to specific ages. |
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What is the first stage of attachment? |
Stage 1 (asocial): 1st few weeks, recognise carer, behaviour to object/human similar. Prefer familiar adults. |
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What is the second stage of attachment? |
Indiscriminate: 2-7 months, prefer people to objects (esp. familiar adults), accept comfort from any adult, no separation/stranger anxiety |
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What is the third stage of attachment? |
Specific: 7+months, separation/stranger anxiety from particular adult (65% mum), specific attachment=primary attachment (most interactive) |
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What is the fourth stage of attachment? |
Multiple: Extend attachment behaviour to familiar adults=secondary attachments (29% within 1 month), 1 y/o=majority multiple attachments. |
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What are the evaluation points for the key study by Schaffer and Emerson (1964)? |
S: Parents observe at home=external validity S: longitudinal=internal validity=no confounding variables W: 60 babies=same district/class=limitation. Culture affects development (don't generalise) |
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What are the evaluation points for the stages of attachment? |
W: Asocial stage=not much observable behaviour=evidence unreliable. W: distress may not show true attachment, can't distinguish behaviour through observation W: Limited measures (separation/stranger anxiety), not detailed enough.
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Why are animals used in studies of attachment? |
For ethical reasons (cannot study humans) or practical reasons (breed faster) |
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What did Konrad Lorenz's study of imprinting involve? |
PROCEDURE: Goose eggs, [control] 1/2 mother goose, [experimental] 1/2 incubator (Lorenz)
FINDING: control=attach to mother goose, experimental=attach to Lorenz (first moving thing seen[imprinting]) CRITICAL PERIOD: Few hours, no imprinting, no future attachments |
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What did Lorenz find about the relationship between imprinting and adult male preferences? |
Birds imprinted on humans=courtship towards humans. e.g. case study: Peacock raised in reptile house=courtship towards giant tortoises. |
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What did Harlow's research of contact comfort discover? |
OBSERVE: Alone newborn rhesus monkeys died, survived with soft cloth PROCEDURE: 16 monkeys, 2 wire mothers (milk/milk+cloth) FINDING: Preferred milk+cloth mother for comfort when frightened (comfort=attachment) |
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What did Harlow's further study of maternally deprived monkeys find? |
Milk: Most dysfunctional, Milk+cloth: Aggressive, unsociable, bred less As mothers: Neglected young, attacked/killed children |
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What did Harlow conclude about the critical period for normal development of rhesus monkeys? |
CRITICAL PERIOD: 90 days for attachment to form. No attachment=impossible to attach to anyone, damage irreversible. |
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What are the evaluation points of Lorenz's research? |
W: Mammalian attachment is more emotional than bird attachment. W: Observations questioned. Imprinting not permanent (chickens imprinted on yellow gloves moved on) |
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What are the evaluation points of Harlow's research? |
S: Effect on psychologists understanding mother-infant interaction (importance of early relationships for social development) S: Practical=social workers W: unethical W: Monkeys aren't humans |
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What is John Dollard and Neal Miller's learning theory? |
Set of behaviourist theories which emphasize learning to adopt behaviour (classical/operant conditioning) |
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What is classical conditioning? |
Associating two stimuli to produce the same result. Food=happy (unconditioned stimulus/response) Caregiver gives food=happy (caregiver neutral to conditioned stimulus)[This is love!] Minimum 8 trials |
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What is operant conditioning? |
Learning to repeat behaviour depending on consequences. Behaviour=pleasant consequence=likely repeated [+vice versa] Baby crying=fed=crying inforced Two-way: parents=negative reinforcement Mutual = strengthens attachment |
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What does learning theory say about a secondary drive? |
Learning theory based on drive reduction.
Hunger=primary drive (innate motivator) - Caregivers satisfy hunger=caregiver becomes secondary drive |
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What are the evaluation points for learning theory? |
W: Harlow/Lorenz=food doesn't make attachment bonds (imprinting/contact comfort) W:Schaffer/Emerson=primary attachment to most interactive W: Attachment=feed, reciprocity/synchrony irrelevent? |
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What is Bowlby's monotropic theory? |
Forming attachments is innate (imprinting) as it keeps babies close to their caregivers, protecting them from hazards |
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What is monotropy? |
Attachment to one caregiver (primary attachment figure) which is more important than their other attachments |
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What are the two principles that contribute to a primary attachment figure? |
Law of continuity: Constant/predictable child care=quality of attachment rises Law of accumulated separation: Every separation from the attachment figure adds up - This is why the biological mother is mainly the primary attachment figure |
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What are social releasers? |
Cute behaviours babies are born with to activate adult attachment system. Mother and baby have an innate predisposition to attach, social releasers trigger attachment. |
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According to Bowlby, what is the critical period of an infant? |
CRITICAL PERIOD: 2 years. Attachment not formed=difficult to form one later. |
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What is the internal working model? |
A person's mental representation of attachment to primary caregiver, which affects perception of future relationships. Affects parenting ability=parenting affects childhood experiences |
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What are the evaluation points of Bowlby's theory? |
S: BRAZLETON: observed interactional synchrony, experiment: ignored social releasers=distress=motionless. FINDING: social behaviour brings out caregiving S: Tested: BAILEY et al=99 mothers attachment to mother and baby, FINDING: poor attachment passed down W: Law of accumulated separation=Burden to mothers W: temperament(genetic personality)=social development. Some born more anxious/social
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What is Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation? |
An experiment to observe key attachment behaviours to assess the quality of child-caregiver attachment - takes place in a room with a two-way mirror in quiet, controlled conditions |
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What behaviours were used to judge the quality of attachment in the Strange Situation? |
- Proximity seeking: Good attachment=stay close - Exploration/secure-base behaviour: Good attachment=confident to explore/caregiver makes them feel safe - Stranger anxiety: Close attachment=anxiety - Separation anxiety: Close attachment=protest - Response to reunion after short separation |
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What was the procedure for the Strange Situation? |
* Each stage lasted 3 minutes* - Child and caregiver enter room - child encouraged to explore - stranger enters/plays with child - caregiver leaves - caregiver returns and stranger leaves - caregiver leaves child alone - stranger returns - caregiver returns/reunites with child |
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What were the findings of the Strange Situation? |
There are distinct behaviour patterns which can be split into 3 main attachment types: - Secure (Type B) - Insecure-avoidant (Type A) - Insecure-resistant (Type C) |
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What are the behaviour patterns of a secure attachment? |
- Explore happily/regularly return to caregiver - Moderate separation/stranger anxiety - require/accept comfort at reunion - 60-75% British toddlers are securely attached |
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What are the behaviour patterns of an insecure-avoidant attachment? |
- Explore freely/no proximity/secure-base - Little reaction when caregiver leaves/reunites - Little stranger anxiety - Don't need comfort at reunion - 20-25% toddlers |
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What are the behaviour patterns of an insecure-resistant attachment? |
- Explore less/seek more proximity - Huge separation/stranger anxiety - Resist comfort at reunion - 3% British toddlers |
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What are the evaluation points of Ainsworth's Strange Situation? |
S: inter-rater reliability (Bick et al. 94% agree) W: Test culture bound (Takahashi: Japanese mothers)=cannot be generalised W: Temperament may influence behaviour more than attachment type= confounding variable W: Minority of children=disorganised attachment(mix of resistant/avoidant) |
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What is the van IJzendoorn study on cultural variations in attachment? |
IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg looked at proportion of attachment types across countries and differences within countries (idea of variations within culture) |
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What was the procedure for the van IJzendoorn study on cultural variations in attachment? |
- Researchers located 32 studies of attachment using Strange Situation in 8 countries (15 in US) - Results for 1990 children=meta-analysis |
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What were the findings for the van IJzendoorn study on cultural variations in attachment? |
Secure attachment most common in all countries (75% Britain/50% China);insecure-resistant least common (3% Britain/30% Israel);insecure-avoidant common in Germany/least common in Japan;Variations within countries 150% greater than between countries |
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What is the Italian study of cultural variations in attachment? |
Simonella et al: Study proportion of babies attachment type matched previous studies/Assessed 76 12 month olds [Strange Situation] FINDINGS: 50% secure;36% avoidant;low secure due to working mothers/professional care - cultural differences affect attachment type |
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What is the Korean study of cultural variations in attachment? |
Jin et al: Study to compare attachment proportions to other studies/Strange Situation assess 87 children FINDINGS: Proportions similar in most countries/majority insecure=resistant/similar to Japan/child-rearing=similar attachment types |
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What are the conclusions from the various cultural variations in attachment studies? |
- secure attachment norm in wide range of cultures (support Bowlby's idea=attachment in innate/universal) - Culture influences attachment |
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What are the evaluation points of cultural variations in attachment? |
S: IJzendoorn=2000 babies=internal validity=reduce impact of outliers W: Comparing countries may not compare culture (cultures within countries) W: Strange Situation created my American based on British theories=can it be imposed to other cultures (imposed etic) W: Strange Situation lacks validity (temperament) |
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What is maternal deprivation? |
Emotional/intellectual consequences of separation between child and mother |
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What was John Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation? |
Continuous care from mother is essential for psychological development |
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What is the difference between separation and deprivation? How are they connected? |
Separation: Child not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure Deprivation: Child loses an element of care from being separated - Extended separations lead to deprivation=harm |
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What is the critical period in Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation? |
- First 30 months of life - Child maternally deprived of care for an extended period during critical period=psychological damage |
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What are the effects of maternal deprivation on development? |
Intellectual: Retardation=low IQ (Goldfarb: lower IQ in institution children vs fostered children Emotional: Affectionless psychopathy=inability to experience guilt/strong emotion for others/lack remorse for actions=prevents normal relationship development=associated with criminality |
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What was Bowlby's 44 thieves study? |
- examined link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation PROCEDURE: 44 criminal teenagers interviewed fro affectionless psychopathy/families interviewed for early prolonged separations from mothers/CONTROL: non-criminal teens FINDINGS: 14/44 thieves affectionless psychopathy;12/14 had prolonged separation from mothers in first 2 years of life;2/44 control=separations - Prolonged early separation=affectionless psychopathy |
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What are the evaluation points for Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation? |
W: Bowlby interviewed 44 thieves=demand characteristics W: Hilda Lewis replicated 44 thieves on large scale=separation didn't predict criminality W: Koluchova=twin Czech boys isolated=sensitive period not critical S: Animal studies with rats |
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What is institutionalisation? |
- the effects of living in an institution (hospital/orphanage) - effects of institutional care on children's attachment/subsequent development |
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What was the procedure for Rutter's ERA (English and Romanian Adoptee) study? |
- Followed 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test to what extent good care can make up for poor early experiences/physical,cognitive,emotional development assessed at 4,6,11,15/Control: 52 British children adopted around same time |
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What were the finding for Rutter's ERA (English and Romanian Adoptee) study? |
- First UK arrival=1/2 mental retardation/majority severely undernourished/age 11=rates of recovery related to age of adoption/mean IQ of adopted before 6 months (102) vs between 6 months-2 yrs (86) vs after 2 yrs (77)/differences remained at 16/children adopted after 6 months=disinhibited attachment (attention seeking to any adult) |
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What was the procedure for the Bucharest Early Intervention Project? |
Zeanah et al: Assessed 95 children (12-31 months) attachment who spent most of their live in institutional care (90%)/control: 50 children never institutionalised/attachment measured=Strange Situation/carers asked about disinhibited attachment symptoms |
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What were the findings for the Bucharest Early Intervention Project? |
- 74% control group securely attached/19% institutional group securely attached, disinhibited attachment: control (20%) vs institution (44%) |
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What are the effects of institutionalisation? |
Disinhibited attachment: Equally friendly to everyone (no stranger anxiety)/Rutter: adaptation of living with multiple caregivers during sensitive period Mental Retardation: Damage to intellectual development from institutionalisation/can be recovered if child is adopted before sixth months old |
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What are the evaluation points for the Romanian studies on the effects of institutionalisation? |
S: Improve institutional care=practical value S: Romanian studies didn't have confounding variables=internal validity W: Romanian orphanages had poor care=can't be applied to better institutions W: Not sure if effects are short/long term
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How does the internal working model affect later relationships? |
- child with loving relationship with reliable caregiver=seek out functional relationships/behave functionally - child with bad experiences=struggle to form relationships=don't behave appropriately |
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How does early attachment influence relationships in later childhood? |
- Attachment type=quality of peer relationships (secure=best quality/insecure=difficulties) Wilson/Smith: Questionnaires=196 children (7-11) [London]=secure=uninvolved in bullying;insecure-avoidant=victims;insecure-resistant=bullies |
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How does early attachment influence relationships in adulthood with romantic partners? |
McCarthy: Studied 40 adult women (attachment assessed as infants)=secure=best adult friendships/relationships;insecure-avoidant=struggled with intimacy;insecure-resistant=problems maintaining friendships |
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What study did Hazan and Shaver conduct about how early attachment influences relationships in adulthood with romantic partners? |
- Study of association between attachment/adult relationships PROCEDURE: Analysed 620 replies to 'love quiz' (US newspaper)/3 sections (most important relationship/love experiences/attachment type) FINDINGS: 56% respondents secure;25% insecure-avoidant;19% insecure-resistant/secure=good, long-lasting relationships;avoidant=jealousy, fear of intimacy |
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How does early attachment influence relationships in adulthood as a parent? |
- Parenting style based on internal working model=attachment type passed on |
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What are the evaluation points for the influence of early attachment on later relationships? |
W: Zimmerman assessed infant/teenage attachment=little relationship=less validity W: Attachment interviews depend on honest views = limited validity W: Alternative theories (parenting style/temperament) W: Bowlby exaggerates=lacks reliability |