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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Why do different people need different amounts of energy ? |
The metabolic rate differs form person to person |
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If less energy is taken in than the amount of energy that is used, what will happen to the person's mass ? |
It will decrease (they will lose weight) |
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If you take in more energy than you need, what will happen to your mass ? |
It will increase (you will put on weight) |
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What can obesity lead to ? |
-Type 2 diabetes -High Blood pressure |
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Why is it just as bad to be underweight as being obese ? |
They might find it difficult to walk about and will suffer from deficiency diseases due to a lack of vitamins and minerals being taken into the body |
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What can inherited factors affect ? |
-Metabolic rate -Cholesterol levels |
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What can high levels of 'bad' cholesterol lead to ? |
Heart disease |
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What are pathogens ? |
Micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases. Most pathogens are bacteria or viruses. |
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What is the speed of pathogen reproduction and what else do they produce ? |
-Reproduce rapidly -Produce poisonous toxins |
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Where do viruses reproduce ? |
They reproduce inside cells and do damage from inside, this is what makes you feel ill. |
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What did Doctor Semmelweiss discover about pathogens ? |
He discovered that infections could be transferred from patient to patient. He told fellow doctors to wash their hands to reduce the spread of diseases in hospitals, but they didn't listen to him. Now we know he is right though ! |
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Name the body's defence mechanisms |
-The skin -Mucus traps pathogens, killed by stomach acid -White blood cells |
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Name 2 of the 3 ways which a white blood cell defends your body |
1. They ingest the pathogen 2. Antibodies are produce to help destory a certain kind of pathogen 3.Antitoxins are produced to counteract the toxins produced by the pathogens |
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What do antibiotics do inside the body ? |
They kill infective bacteria |
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What is penicillin and who discovered it ? |
It is an antibiotic, and was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 |
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Yes or no, can antibiotics destroy viruses |
No |
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Why are viruses difficult to destroy ? |
They reproduce within cells so any treatment used to destroy them could also do damage to your body cells. This means that you would still feel ill despite no viruses being inside you until the cells have been reproduced |
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What kind of jelly can bacteria be grown in ? |
Agar jelly |
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What might have happened to a new strain of virus in order for it to spread quickly between people ? |
It might have mutated |
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What can new strains of viruses cause ? |
Epidemics and pandemics |
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By mutating, what happens to the bacteria in order for it to be harder to destroy ? |
Developed resistance to existing antibiotics by natural selection |
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What do vaccines contain ? |
They contain dead or inactive pathogens |
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What do vaccines encourage your white blood cells to do ? |
They encourage WBC to produce antibodies that destroy the harmless pathogen |
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What do vaccinations protect individuals and society from ? |
The effects of the disease |
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If antibiotics are overused, what can happen to the bacteria? |
Develop new strands meaning existing antibiotics become useless against them |
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What does a healthy diet contain ? |
A balance of all the food types |
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What kind of reaction happens at the synapse ? |
A chemical reaction |
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In the reflex arc, what is the proper name for a muscle or gland where action is take to respond ? |
An effector |
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In the reflex arc, what detects the stimulus ? |
A receptor |
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In the reflex arc, what does the impulse travel along whilst on its way towards the synapse ? |
Sensory neuron |
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In the reflex arc, what happens after the sensory neuron and before the motor neuron ? |
The impulse is transmitted across the synapse by chemicals onto the relay neuron which then stimulates the motor neuron |
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What is the sequence between the receptor and effector called ? |
The reflex arc |
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What is made by the puituitary gland? |
FSH and LH |
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Where is oestrogen produced ? |
In the ovaries |
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What does oestrogen do ? |
-It inhibits the further production of FSH -Stimulates production of LH -Stimulates the womb lining to develop in order to receive the egg |
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What is biomass? |
It is the mass of living/dry material in plants and
animals |
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What does a pyramid of biomass represent ? |
The mass of organisms at each stage in a food chain |
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What kind of energy do green plants and algae capture during photosynthesis ? |
Light energy |
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True or false, there is energy wastage at each stage of a food chain |
True
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When food that has been eaten cannot be fully digested, what happens to it ? |
Its energy is stored in faeces or as urea in urine |
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What are detritus feeders ? |
They start to process of decay by eating dead animals or plants and produce waste materials |
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What are decay organisms and what are they commonly known as ? |
They are microorganisms and are called decomposers |
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True or false, decay will happen faster in cold and dry conditions |
False, decay will happen faster in warm and wet conditions |
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Where do humans recycle waste ? Name 2 ways |
In sewage treatment plants and compost heaps |
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Name the 3 conditions that help decay to occur quicker |
-Warmth -Moist -Aerobic |
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By being cold blooded, where is energy least lost? |
Little energy is lost to the environment as little energy is used to heat the animal |
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By being a carnivore, where is energy least lost ? |
Little energy is lost through undigested food in faeces |
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Give an example of a detritus feeder |
Worm |
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What is the constant cycling of carbon in nature more commonly known as ? |
The carbon cycle |
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What does the recycling of carbon involve most ? There are two ways |
Photosynthesis and respiration |
Plants do this in order to produce energy and human do it so they live |
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What two processes return carbon to the atmosphere ? |
Respiration and combustion |
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Why is recycling organic kitchen and garden waste necessary ? |
-Reduce landfill -Reduce methane production -Recycle minerals and nutrients in the waste |
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By adding worms and layers of garden soil to composers, what will happen to the process ? |
It will be quicker (speed up) |
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What does the nucleus of a cell contain ? (They are thread-like structures) |
Chromosomes |
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What do chromosomes carry ? |
They carry genes |
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What is another name for a sex cell ? |
Gametes |
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How many sets of genes are found in a skin cell and in a sex cell ? |
Skin - 2 sets Sex - 1 set |
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What do genes control ? |
They control the development of different characterises in an offspring |
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True or false, asexual reproduction involves 2 parents |
False, only one parent is involved |
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Define sexual reproduction |
Fusion of sex cells (gametes) in order to produce an offspring |
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Asexual or sexual reproduction, which produces a clone of itself in an offspring |
Asexual |
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Asexual or sexual reproduction, which has a mixture of genetic data, meaning the offspring shows variation |
Sexual |
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Name 2 factors which mean differences in characteristics occur individuals of the same species |
-DIfference in the genes they have inherited -The conditions in which they have developed |
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What are individuals that are genetically identical to their parents known as ? |
Clones
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True or false, it is much more difficult to clone plants than it is to clone animals ? |
False, it is easier to clone plants than animals |
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How can we clone plants in a cheap, and quick way ? |
By taking cutting from the end of plants and growing them |
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What is it called when we take a small group of cells from a part of a plant and grow them under special conditions ? |
Tissue culture |
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When is tissue culture more common used ? |
In order to produce large number of a rare or a top quality plant |
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What are embryo transplants used for ? |
To clone animals |
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Describe the process of embryo transplant |
An embryo with unspecialised cells is split into a smaller group of cells Each group of genetically identical cels is transplanted and allowed to be developed in a host animal. |
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True or false, we can genetically modify animals in order to change certain characteristics before they are cloned ? |
True, we can do this |
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What is a placebo? |
Given to people who are trialling a new drug, but doesn't contain any of the drug so is harmless. |
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Why are placebos used ? |
In order to check that the being tested really has an effect on people. |
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What is a double-blind trial ? |
A trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows if they are receiving the real drug or the placebo. |
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What was thalidomide originally developed as ? |
A sleeping pill. Was later found out that it could control morning sickness in pregnant women |
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What happened to babies whose mother had taken thalidomide during the pregnancy ? |
Born with limb abnormalities |
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What happened as a result of thalidomide effects on drug testing ? |
They were improved so that the drugs are tested on all types on people. This didn't happen with thalidomide as it wasn't tested on pregnant women, which lead to babies being born with abnormaltites |
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What is a statin ? |
Drugs which lower the amount of 'bad' cholesterol carried in the blood |
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What should we do to figure out if either or both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs work on patients ? |
Conduct a double-blind trial |
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Use of statins has lowered what by over 40% in the population ? |
Cardiovascular disease |
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Name 3 recreational drugs |
-Cocaine -Heroin -Cannabis |
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What can you suffer from if you stop taking drugs that you are addicted to ? |
Withdrawal symptoms |
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Chemicals in cannabis smoke can cause what ? |
Mental health problems, especially in teenagers |
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What are steroids ? |
Drugs that are used in order to build up muscle mass |
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Why do athletes use drugs ? |
In order to make them perform better |
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True or false, using performance-enhancing drugs can damage the body permanently and even lead to death |
True |
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Why is it very easy to become addicted to recreational drugs ? |
They affect the nervous system by changing chemical processes |
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What are 2 legal drugs but are used recreationally ? |
-Caffeine -Nicotine |
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Why do some people think that it is unethical to take drugs in sport ? |
Some of the athletes have to work really hard in order to build muscle and be fit, so if some people used drugs in order to help them, it would be really unfair |
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What are the 4 internal conditions that are controlled by the body ? |
-Water content -Ion content -Temperature -Blood sugar level |
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What does auxin control ? |
Phototropism and geotropism |
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Describe a phototropism effect |
Plant shoots growing towards light |
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Descibe a geotropismeffect |
Roots growing down towards the centre of gravity |
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If auxin is distribution unequally, what will happen ? |
The plant will grow unevenly, so a shoot or a root will start to bend |
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What is the hormone auxin found in ? |
Plants |
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How can we use plant growth hormones? |
Used as weed killers or to stimulate root growth |
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What are special features of organisms called ?
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Adaptations
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What are extremophiles? |
They are microorganisms which are adapted to live in conditions where enzymes don't usually work, as they would normally denature |
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Name 3 things that plants need in order to survive |
-Light
-Carbon Dioxide -Water -Oxygen -Nutrients (Mineral ions from the soil) |
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What do adaptations allow organisms to do ? |
Survive in a particular habitat, even when conditions are extreme |
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