Apush Unit 1 Key Terms

Front 1

king Williams war

Back 1

who: king james III
what: the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the north American theater of the war of grand alliance.
historical significance: it was fought between england, France, and the American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada, Acadia, and new england.
when: 1689-98
where: the English colonies in America
historical significance:

Front 2

queen anne's war

Back 2

who: France and england
what: the second war in a a series of four French Indian fought between France and england in north America for the control of the continent and was counterpart of the war of the Spanish succession
when: 1702- 1713
where: north America
historical significance: in the 1702 Siege of St. Augustine (1702), 500 English soldiers and militia along with 300 Indians captured and burned the town of St. Augustine in the Spanish province of Florida. The English were unable to take the main fortress of St. Augustine, however, so they considered the campaign a failure. While the Spanish maintained control over Florida, their mission system was destroyed in the conflict and was never rebuilt. Carolina was successful in defeating a second attack on Charles Town in 1706 by a combined Spanish and French amphibious force sent from Havana.

Front 3

Peace of Utrecht:

Back 3

who: dutch city of Utrecht, Louis XIV and Philip v
what: compromises a series of individual peace treaties signed in the dutch city of Utrecht
when: march and April of 1713
where: dutch, Utrecht
historical significance: France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London. This initial agreement was based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, a congress opened at Utrecht on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being John Robinson, Bishop of Bristol, and Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford.[1] Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but the Emperor refused to do so until he was assured that these preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As Philip was not yet recognized as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the Duke of Savoy sent one, and Portugal was also represented.

One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and matters did not make much progress until after 10 July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation. With Great Britain and France having agreed a truce, the pace of negotiation now quickened, and the main treaties were finally signed on 11 April 1713.
when:

Front 4

War of Jenkins Ear

Back 4

who: great Britain and sprain
what: a conflict between great Britain and spain, with major operation largely ending by 1762
when: 1739 to 1748
where: new Granada and the Caribbean
historical significance: Its unusual name relates to Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship, who exhibited his severed ear in Parliament following the boarding of his vessel by Spanish coast guards in 1731. This affair and a number of similar incidents sparked a war against the Spanish Empire, ostensibly to encourage the Spanish not to renege on the lucrative asiento contract (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America).[5]

After 1742 the war merged into the larger War of the Austrian Succession involving most of the powers of Europe. Peace arrived with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.

Front 5

Paxton Boys

Back 5

who:
what: a vigilant group that murdered at least twenty native Americans in the events called the Conestoga massacre
when:
where: Conestoga
historical significance: Since the nearest belligerents were miles away, the Paxton Boys attacked the local Conestoga or Susquehannock people, who lived peacefully in nearby small enclaves in the midst of near white Pennsylvania settlements. Many Conestogas practiced Christianity. The Paxton Boys claimed that the Conestogas secretly provided aid and intelligence to the hostiles. On December 14, 1763, more than fifty Paxton Boys marched on a village near Millersville, PA, murdered six Natives, and burned their cabin(s). After the massacre, colonialists found the Conestogas' 1701 treaty signed by William Penn, which pledged that the colonists and the Indians "shall forever hereafter be as one Head & One Heart, & live in true Friendship & Amity as one People", in a bag in the ashes of the cabin.

On December 14, 1763, Governor John Penn placed the remaining fourteen Conestogas in protective custody in Lancaster, but the Paxton Boys broke in, killed, and mutilated all fourteen people on December 27, 1763. The result was that just two members of the Conestoga tribe survived. Governor Penn issued bounties for the arrest of the murderers, but no one came forward to identify them.

Front 6

Patrick Henry

Back 6

who: Patrick henry
what: served as the first post colonial governor of Virginia
when: May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799
where: Virginia
historical significance: A prominent figure in the American Revolution, Henry is known and remembered for his "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is remembered as one of the most influential (and radical) advocates of the American Revolution and republicanism, especially in his denunciations of corruption in government officials and his defense of historic rights.

Front 7

SONS OF LIBERTY

Back 7

who: American patriots
what: a secret organization of American patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution
when:
where: thirteen colonies
historical significance: British authorities and their supporters, known as Loyalists, considered the Sons of Liberty as seditious rebels, referring to them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity." Patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power such as property of the gentry, customs officers, East India Company tea, and as the war approached, vocal supporters of the Crown.

Front 8

Daughters of Liberty

Back 8

who: Deborah Sampson franklin, Abigail Adams, Esther bebert
what: a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townsend Acts.
when: 1774,
historical significance: The Daughters of Liberty used their traditional skills to weave yarn and wool into fabric, known as "homespun". They were recognized as patriotic heroines for their success, making America less dependent on British textiles. Proving their commitment to "the cause of liberty and industry" they openly opposed the Tea Act. They experimented to find substitutes for taxed goods such as tea and sugar. Discoveries like boiled basil leaves to make a tea like drink helped lift spirits as well as allowed for kept traditions without the use of British taxed tea.

They also had a large influence during the war. For example, in the countryside, while Patriots supported the non-importation movements of 1765, and 1769, the Daughters of Liberty continued to support American resistance. In 1774, the patriot women helped influence a decision made by Continental Congress to boycott all British goods. They helped end the Stamp Act.

Front 9

Crispus Attucks

Back 9

who: crispus Attucks
what: black American who as one of five people killed in the Boston Massacre in Boston,
when: c. 1723 – March 5, 1770)
where: Boston Massachusetts
historical significance: He has been frequently named as the first martyr of the American Revolution and is the only Boston Massacre victim whose name is commonly remembered. He is regarded as an important and inspirational figure in American history.

Little is known for certain about Attucks beyond his involvement in the massacre. Fragmentary evidence suggests that he may have been of African American and Native American ancestry. In the early 19th century, as the Abolitionist movement gained momentum in Boston, Attucks was lauded as an example of a black American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States. Because Crispus Attucks may also have had Wampanoag ancestors, his story also holds special significance for many Native Americans.

Front 10

John Adams

Back 10

who: John Adams
what: was an American politician and the second President of the United States (1797–1801), after being the first Vice President (1789–1797) for two terms. He is regarded as one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States
when: October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)
historical significance: dams came to prominence in the early stages of the American Revolution. As a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to adopt the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. As a representative of Congress in Europe, he was a major negotiator of the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and chiefly responsible for obtaining important loans from Amsterdam.

Adams's revolutionary credentials secured him two terms as George Washington's vice president and his own election as the second president of the United States. During his one term as president, he was frustrated by battles inside his own Federalist party against a faction led by Alexander Hamilton, and he signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts. The major accomplishment of his presidency was his peaceful resolution of the Quasi-War crisis with France in 1798.

After Adams was defeated for reelection by Thomas Jefferson, he retired to Massachusetts. He and his wife Abigail Adams founded an accomplished family line of politicians, diplomats, and historians now referred to as the Adams political family. His achievements have received greater recognition in modern times, though his contributions were not initially as celebrated as other Founders'.

Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the 6th President of the United States.

Front 11

Battle of the Alamance

Back 11

who: colonial north Carolina
what: ended the so-called War of the Regulation, a rebellion in colonial North Carolina over issues of taxation and local control.
when: 1771
where: north carolina
historical significance: In the spring of 1771, Governor William Tryon left his lavish palace in New Bern, marching militia troops west to quell a rebellion that had been brewing in western counties for many years. Up to that point, the "war" had included only minor, scattered acts of violence. The Regulators, with approximately 2000 men to Tryon's 1000, hoped to gain concessions from the governor by intimidating him with a show of superior force. On May 16, 1771, the Regulators, led by men such as Maryland native Hermon Husband, rejected Tryon's command to disperse peacefully. Tryon marched his troops south from their campsite on Alamance Creek, confronting the Regulators in formation along the road. It is said that Tryon himself fired the first, fatal shot of the battle. The Regulators lacked leadership, organization, and adequate munitions. Many, including Husband, fled the field. Delays prevented approximately 300 reinforcements under Captain Benjamin Merrill from arriving in time to help the rebel cause.

The Regulators lost and their rebellion failed. Losses for Tryon included nine dead and 61 wounded; although the Regulators are said to have fallen in much greater numbers, with historians averaging the estimated injuries at 100, there were somewhere between 10 and 15 or so killed. Tryon took 13 prisoners, one of them (James Few) being executed at the camp, and six executed later in nearby Hillsborough. Many Regulators traveled on to frontier areas beyond North Carolina. The governor pardoned others and allowed them to stay on condition they pledge an oath of allegiance to the royal government.

The battle took place in what was then Orange County. During the American Revolution a decade later, the same section of Orange County (subdivided into Alamance County in 1849) hosted several minor skirmishes, including the infamous Pyle's Hacking Match in 1781.

Front 12

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774

Back 12

who: thirteen colonies
what: was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.
when: 1774
historical significance: Called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament, the Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies, the exception being the Province of Georgia, which did not send delegates. The Congress met briefly to consider options, an economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances.

The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts. Their appeal to the Crown had no effect, and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War.

Front 13

Suffolk Resolves

Back 13

who: Edmund Burke
what: was a declaration made on September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which Boston is the major city.
when: September 9, 1774
historical significance: The convention that adopted them first met at the Woodward Tavern in Dedham, which is today the site of the Norfolk County Courthouse. The Resolves were recognized by statesman Edmund Burke as a major development in colonial animosity leading to adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from Great Britain in 1776, and he urged British conciliation with the American colonies, to little effect. The First Continental Congress passed the Resolves on September 17, 1774.

Front 14

Galloway Plan

Back 14

who: Joseph Galloway
what: was put forward in the First Continental Congress of 1774. Joseph Galloway was a Pennsylvania delegate who wanted to keep the colonies in the British Empire.
when: 1774
historical significance: . The Colonal Parliament would consist of a President-General appointed by the Crown, and delegates appointed by the colonial assemblies. Galloway's plan would have kept the British Empire together, while allowing the colonies to have some say over their own affairs, including the inflammatory issue of taxation.

Galloway's plan was not accepted by the Congress. The appearance of the Suffolk Resolves at the Congress led to a polarization of discussion, with the radicals swiftly gaining the upper hand. Galloway's Plan of Union was narrowly defeated by a vote of six to five on 22 October 1774.

Front 15

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775:

Back 15

who:
what: were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.
when: April 19, 1775
historical significance: About 700 British Army regulars, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were given secret orders to capture and destroy military supplies that were reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Through effective intelligence gathering, Patriot colonials had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk, and had moved most of them to other locations. They also received details about British plans on the night before the battle, and were able to rapidly notify the area militias of the military movement.

The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. The militia were outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they searched for the supplies. At the North Bridge in Concord, several hundred militiamen fought and defeated three companies of the King's troops. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the Minutemen after a pitched battle in open territory.

More Minutemen arrived soon thereafter and inflicted heavy damage on the regulars as they marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Smith's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Hugh, Earl Percy. A combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown. The accumulated militias blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the Siege of Boston.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his "Concord Hymn", described the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge as the "shot heard 'round the world".[9]
Contents

Front 16

Paul Revere,

Back 16

who: paul revere
what:was an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution
when:. January 1, 1735 [O.S. December 22, 1734– May 10, 1818
historical significance: He was glorified after his death for his role as a messenger in the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Revere's name and his "midnight ride" are well-known in the United States as a patriotic symbol. In his lifetime, Revere was a prosperous and prominent Boston craftsman, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military.

Revere later served as an officer in the Penobscot Expedition, one of the most disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary War, a role for which he was later exonerated. After the war, he was early to recognize the potential for large-scale manufacturing of metal.

Front 17

William Dawes

Back 17

who:
what: was one of the three men who alerted colonial minutemen of the approach of British army troops prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord at the outset of the American Revolution.
when: April 5, 1745 – February 25, 1799)
historical significance: Dawes was assigned by Doctor Joseph Warren to ride from Boston, Massachusetts, to Lexington on the night of April 18, 1775, when it became clear that a British column was going to march into the countryside. Dawes's mission was to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams that they were in danger of arrest. Dawes took the land route out of Boston through the Boston Neck, leaving just before the military sealed off the town.[1]

Also acting under Dr. Warren, Paul Revere arranged for another rider waiting across the Charles River in Charlestown to be told of the army's route with lanterns hung in Old North Church. To be certain the message would get through, Revere rowed across the river and started riding westwards himself. Later Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's historically inaccurate poem "Paul Revere's Ride" would focus entirely on Revere, making him a composite of many alarm riders that night.

Dawes and Revere arrived at the Hancock-Clarke House in Lexington about the same time, shortly after midnight. In fact, Revere arrived slightly earlier, despite having stopped to speak to militia officers in towns along the way, because his ride was shorter and his horse faster. After warning Adams and Hancock to leave, Revere and Dawes chose to proceed to Concord in case that was the British column's goal. Revere no doubt knew that the Provincial Congress had stored munitions there, including the cannon Dawes had helped to secure. Along the way, the two men met Samuel Prescott, a local young physician, who joined them.

A squad of mounted British officers awaited on the road between Lexington and Concord. They had already arrested some riders heading west with news of the troops, and they called for Dawes, Revere, and Prescott to halt. The three men rode in different directions, hoping one would escape. Dawes, according to the story he told his children, rode into the yard of a house shouting that he had lured two officers there. Fearing an ambush, the officers stopped chasing him. Dawes's horse bucked him off, however, and he had to walk back to Lexington. He later said that in the morning he returned to the same yard and found the watch that had fallen from his pocket. Otherwise, Dawes's activity during the Battle of Lexington and Concord remains unknown.

Dawes and his companions' warning allowed the town militias to muster a sufficient force for the first open battle of the Revolutionary War and the first colonial victory. The British troops did not find most of the weapons they had marched to destroy and sustained serious losses during their retreat to Boston under guerrilla fire.

Front 18

Second Continental Congress

Back 18

what: was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies
when:May 10, 1775-March 1, 1781
where: philadelphia pennsylvania
historical