Apush Unit 1 Key Terms

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PLYMOUTH COLONY

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• Who: Separatists/The Pilgrims
• What: One of the first English colonies in North America
• Where: Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Significance: One of the first English colonies in North America

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MAYFLOWER COMPACT 1620

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• Who: Adult males aboard the Mayflower/The Pilgrims
• What: A document that made Plymouth colony a civil government under the allegiance of the king
• Where: Plymouth, Massachusetts/ aboard the Mayflower
• Significance: It made Plymouth a civil government under the allegiance of the king

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HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

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• Who: The Virginia Company of London
• What: a legal grant of land to settlers to the colonies
• Where: Jamestown, Virginia
• Significance: increased the division between the wealthy land-owners and the working poor

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FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT 1639

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• Who: Puritans and Congregationalists
• What: orders describing the government setup by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structures and powers
• Where: Connecticut Colony
• Significance: considered by some the first written Constitution in the Western tradition

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MERCANTILISM

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• Who: European economists
• What: economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependant upon its supply of capital
• Where: Began in Europe and then spread to the colonies
• Significance: led to some of the first instances of significant government intervention and control over the economy

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TRIANGULAR TRADE

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• Who: Europeans
• What: trade route between three ports to exchange slaves, sugar, and manufactured goods to Europe, the colonies, and Africa
• Where: Europe, colonies, and Africa. Along the Atlantic Ocean
• Significance: created a trade route for slaves to go to the colonies for labor

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THE GREAT AWAKENING

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• Who: Anglo-Americans
• What: several periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival
• Where: U.S. colonies
• Significance identifies general religious trends within distinctly U.S. religious culture

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IRON ACT 1750

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• Who: British Parliament
• What: legislative measure seeking to restrict manufacturing activities in British colonies and encourage manufacturing in Great Britain
• Where: British colonies, mainly in North America
• Significance: hindered North Americas iron industry

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INDENTURED SERVANTS

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• Who: laborers under contact of the employer
• What: a debt bondage worker
• Where: American South
• Significance: Indentures servants helped grow crops in the plantations to export

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GEORGE WASHINGTON

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• Who: George Washington
• What: First president, general,
• Where: Virginia
• Significance: First president. Considered father of our country

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PROCLAMATION OF 1763

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• Who: King George III
• What: organize Great Britain’s new North American empire and to stabilize relations with North American Natives through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases
• Where: British colonies in North America
• Significance: ceased to be law in America after American Revolution but continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada

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SALUTARY NEGLECT

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• Who: British
• What: undocumented British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws
• Where: American colonies
• Significance: allowed enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient

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STAMP ACT 1765

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• Who: British parliament
• What: a tax imposed on the colonies of british America that required printed materials to be stamped
• Where: British America
• Significance: led to the cause of rebellions in the colonies; idea of taxed only with their consent

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STAMP ACT CONGRESS

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• Who: delegates from 9 out of 13 colonies
• What: meeting that discussed and acted upon the Stamp Act
• Where: NYC
• Significance: delegates came to the conclusion that Britain could not make laws for the colonies only the colonists could

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SONS OF LIBERTY

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• Who: loyalists
• What: secret organization of American patriots which originated in thr 13 colonies; seditious rebels; attacked symbols of british authority
• Where: 13 colonies
• Significance: attempt to overthrow british rule in the colonies

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COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE

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• Who: local governments of the 13 colonies before revolution
• What: bdies organized by the local governments of the 13 colonies before Revolution
• Where: 13 colonies
• Significance: disseminated colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies and to foreign governments

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BOSTON MASSACRE

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• Who: British troops and colonists
• What: incident that helped spark the rebeliion in some o f the British colonies of America
• Where: Boston Massachusetts
• Significance: helped spark the rebellion in some of the British colonies in America

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INTOLERABLE (COERCIVE) ACTS 1774

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• Who: British PArliament
• What: series of laws passed by the British Parliament relating to Britain’s colonies in N.A.
• Where: British America
• Significance: inresponse to the colonists behavior in the Boston Tea Party that angered the colonists even more; violation of rights

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SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 1775

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• Who: delegates from all 13 colonies
• What: convention of the 13 delegates beginning on may 10, 1775
• Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Significance: soon after the American revolutionary War began

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NORTHWEST ORDINANCE

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• Who: Congress of the Confederation
• What: Act that allowed the creation of the Northwest territory
• Where: Northwest America
• Significance: creation f the Northwest territory as the first organized territory o the United States south of the great Lakes

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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

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• Who: the 13 delegates
• What: statement adopted by the Continental Cpngress which announced that the 13 colonies were at war with Britain and were now independent states
• Where: U.S. colonies
• Significance: Foundation of the American nation

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COMMON SENSE

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• Who: Thomas Paine
• What: pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the American revolution
• Where: America
• Significance: gave colonists a powerful argument for independance

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SHAYS REBELLION

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• Who: Daniel Shays and Western Farmers
• What: an armed uprising in Central and Western Massachusetts where many farmers rebelled against the government
• Where: Eastern United States
• Significance: the rebellion caused fear among the people; led to the creation of the declaration of Independance

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IMPLIED POWERS (ELASTIC CLAUSE)

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• Who: Hamilton
• What: powers exercised by Congress which are not explicitly given by the constitution itself
• Where: the U.S.
• Significance: powers exercised by Congress which are not explicitly given by the constitution itself

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25. GREAT COMPROMISE

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• Who: people in the Philadelhpia Convention
• What: agreement between large and small states that defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have; proposed bicameral legislature
• Where: America

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Jamestown

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Founded May 14, 1607 by the London Company. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke.

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John Smith

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helped found the Virginia Colony and became Colonial Governor of Virginia

Front 28

Bacon's Rebellion

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uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part

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Massachusetts Bay Company

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an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century

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Roger Williams

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English theologian, co-founder of Rhode Island

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Anne Hutchinson

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Key figure in the study of the development of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry. pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group

Front 32

Pequot War

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an armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.

Front 33

Declaratory Act

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Who: Parliament of Great Britain
What: one of a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies
When: 1766
Where: British colonies
Significance: It stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters

Front 34

Mutiny Act

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Who: British Parliament
What: act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army
When: 1689
Where: The colonies
Significance: This act made desertion, mutiny, and sedition of officers and soldiers crimes which were triable by court-martial and punishable by death.

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Quartering Act

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Who: Parliament of Great Britain
What; acts passed by British Parliament to ensure military housing and other necessities
When: 1765 and 1774
Where: American colonies
Significance: angered people and this anger and oppression helped shape the Constitution

Front 36

Townshend Act

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Who: Charles Townshend
What: series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America
When: 1767
Where: British colonies
Significance: led to Boston Tea Party and American Revolution

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Boston Tea Party

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Who: Boston colonists
What: a direct action protest by colonists in Boston
When: 1773
Where: Massachusetts colony
Significance: Key event in the growth of the American Revolution

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Tea Act

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Who: Parliament of Great Britain
What: act that put a tax on imported tea
When: 1773
Where: American colonies
Significance: led to Boston Tea Party

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Coercive Acts

Back 39

Who:British Parliament
What: Acts that were passed in response to the Boston Tea Party in hopes of having the colonists respect the parliamentary authority
When: 1774
Where: British colonies in America
Significance: The acts sparked outrage and resistance in the thirteen colonies and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution

Front 40

Samuel Adams

Back 40

Who: Samuel Adams
What: leader of the American Revolution
When: 1774
Where: British colonies in America
Significance: Samuel Adams became one of the founding fathers of our country; he was the leader who guided the colonies against the British in the American Revolution and was one of the reasons why America is its own country today and not in ties with Great Britain

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FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774:

Back 41

Who: 12 of the 13 delegates

What:convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British North American colonies early in the American Revolution

When: on September 5, 1774,

Where: met at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia Pennsylvania,

Significance: economic boycott of British trade, publish a list of rights and grievances, and petition King George for redress of those grievances.

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Suffolk Resolves:

Back 42

Who:leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts,

What: a major development in colonial animosity leading to adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence

When: September 9, 1774

Where: Massachusetts

Significance: altered the political balance in Congress and paved the way for radical measures, such as the Continental Association, a general nonimportation agreement.

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Galloway Plan:

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Who:Joseph Galloway

What: plan of union put forward by Joseph Galloway

When:1774

Where: First Continental Congresssuggested the creation of an American Colonial Parliament to act together with the Parliament of Great Britain

Significance:

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LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775:

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Who: British and American troops

What: first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.

When: 1775

Where: Lexington and Concord

Significance: he battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

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Paul Revere, William Dawes:

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Who: Paul Revere and William Dawes

What: mesengers in the battles of Lexington and Concord

When: 1775

Where: Lexington and Concord

Significance: warned Samuel Adams and John Hancock of the British movements

Front 46

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS:

Back 46

Who: 13 delegates

What: convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies soon after shooting in the American Revolutionary War

When: May 10, 1775

Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Significance: By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.

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Slavery clause in the Declaration of Independence

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Who: Thomas Jefferson

What: clause in the Declaration of Independance about the freedom slaves

When: 1776

Where: Continental Congress

Significance: had to be taken out of the declaration to ensure that all 13 states agreed

Front 48

Somerset Case (in Great Britain):

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Who: James Somersett

What: famous judgement of the English Court of King's Bench in 1772 which held that slavery was unlawful in England

When: 1772

Where: England

Significance: judged that slavery was unlawful in England

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Quock Walker case- Mass:

Back 49

Who: Quock Walker

What: case in which an American slave sued for and won his freedom

When: 1780

Where: Massachusetts

Significance: declared all men to be born free and equal

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Benedict Arnold:

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Who: Benedict Arnold

What: general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but switched sides to the British Empire.

When: 1779

Where: America and Britain

Significance: obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and plotted unsuccessfully to surrender it to the British. After the plot failed, he served in the British military.

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Continental Army:

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Who: The United States

What: an army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.

When: 1775

Where: United States of America

Significance: army was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their struggle against the rule of Great Britain. The Continental Army was in conjunction with local militias and other troops that remained under control of the individual states

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Native Americans in the Revolutionary War:

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Who: Native Americans east of the Mississippi River

What: Native American tribes

When: 1775

Where: east of the Mississippi river

Significance: most of the tribes sided with the British

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Black Americans in the Revolutionary War:

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Who: African Americans

What: slaves and free

When: 1775

Where: U.S.

Significance: fought on both sides of the war; many were promised freedom for serving

Front 54

King William’s War:

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Who: England, France, and the American Indian allies.
What:The first of the French and Indian Wars.
When: 1689-1697.
Where: The American colonies.
Significance: The significance of the King William's War was that it was the first war in the French and Indian War.

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Queen Anne’s War:

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Who: France and England
What: The second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and England
When: 1702-1713
Where: In North America
Significance: The significance of the Queen Anne's War was Britain gained Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia), the island of Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay region, and the Caribbean island of St. Kitts.

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Peace of Utrecht:

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Who: Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain and Queen Anne of Great Britain, the Duke of Savoy, and the United Provinces.
What: A series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht
When: March and April 1713.
Where: In Dutch city of Utrecht
Significance: Helped end the War of the Spanish Succession

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War of Jenkin’s Ear:

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Who: Great Britain and Spain
What: A conflict between Great Britain and Spain , with major operations largely ended in 1742.
When: 1739-1748
Where: European colonies of Spain and England
Significance: The war merged into the larger War of the Austrian Succession involving most of the powers of Europe.

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Paxton Boys:

Back 58

Who: Backcountry Presbyterian Scots-Irish
What: A vigilante group that murdered at least twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre.
When: 1763
Where: Central Pennsylvania
Significance: It was a measure of the hostility that had developed between frontiersman and Indians and the march on Philadelphia was an early example of regional and social tension

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Grenville’s Program:

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Who: George Grenville
What: A series of taxes and laws passed by the British government.
When: 1763
Where: American colonies
Significance: Grenville's Program was the spark of the fight for independence in the American colonies.

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Patrick Henry:

Back 60

Who: The first post-colonial Governor of Virginia from 1776 to 1779
What: "Give me liberty, or give me death" and the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia.
When: 1776-1179
Where: In the American colonies
Significance: "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

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John Adams

Back 61

Who: John Adams
What: An American politician and the second President of the United States
When: 1700-1800s
Where: In the American colonies.
Significance: The second president of America after being the first president. Probably the appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice, which led to a massive increase in the prestige and importance of the Superme Court.

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Daughters of Liberty:

Back 62

Who: Women who were in the American colonies.
What: a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts
When: 1767
Where: American colonies.
Significance: The significance of the Daughters of Liberty was that they helped influence a decision made by Continental Congress to boycott all British goods

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Crispus Attucks:

Back 63

Who: One of five people killed in the Boston Massacre in Boston, Massachusetts
What: The first martyr of the American Revolution and is the only Boston Massacre victim whose name is commonly remembered
When: 1770
Where: Boston, Massachusetts (death)
Significance: The significance of Crispus Attucks was that he was one of the colonists who stood against the British.

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Carolina Regulators

Back 64

Who: People in North Carolina
What: A North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials
When: 1764-1771
Where: North Carolina
Significance: A catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

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Battle of the Alamance

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Who: Regulators who were involved in the War of the Regulaton
What: Ended the so-called War of the Regulation
When: 1771
Where: North Carolina
Significance: Ended the so-called War of the Regulation and opened the American Revolution