Ap2 Ch 17 Pt 4

Front 1

Leukocytes % of blood and count

Back 1

• Make up <1% of total blood volume
– 4,800 – 10,800 WBCs/μl blood

Front 2

diapedesis

Back 2

The process by which WBCs leave capillaries

Front 3

(positive chemotaxis)

Back 3

the process by which WBCs move through tissue spaces and follow chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells

Front 4

Leukocytosis

Back 4

WBC count over 11,000/mm3

Front 5

5 types of WBCs classified into 2 categories
based on presence cytoplasmic granules

Back 5

• granular leukocytes “Uncle BEN”
– 1) basophils, 2) eosinophils, 3) neutrophils
• agranular leukocytes “Loves Mom”
– 4) lymphocytes 5) monocytes

Front 6

Neutrophils fx

Back 6

very phagocytic, “bacteria slayers”,
contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins

Front 7

Eosinophils: fx

Back 7

release enzymes to digest parasitic worms, role in allergies and asthma & modulating immune response

Front 8

Basophils: fx

Back 8

contain histamine, inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator to attract WBCs to inflamed sites

Front 9

Crucial to immunity

Back 9

Agranulocytes

Front 10

Lymphocytes:

Back 10

 T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virusinfected
cells and tumor cells (directly kill)
 B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma
cells, which produce antibodies (target cells for
destruction - can’t kill directly)

Front 11

Monocytes:

Back 11

 Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages (phagocytic cells); crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections

Front 12

Leukopoiesis:

Back 12

production of WBCs

Front 13

• All leukocytes originate from __________

Back 13

hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts

Front 14

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into:

Back 14

myeloid OR lymphoid stem cells

Front 15

Myeloid stem cells become ______

Back 15

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils or monocytes

Front 16

Lymphoid stem cells become _____________

Back 16

lymphocytes

Front 17

Leukopenia

Back 17

– Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced

Front 18

Leukemias –

Back 18

all fatal if untreated
– Cancer  overproduction of abnormal WBCs

Front 19

– Myeloid leukemia involves :

Back 19

myeloblast descendants

Front 20

– Lymphocytic leukemia involves:

Back 20

lymphocytes

Front 21

Acute leukemia derives from _________;
primarily affects _______

Back 21

stem cells

children

Front 22

Chronic leukemia more prevalent in

Back 22

older people

Front 23

Leukemia

Back 23

• Cancerous leukocytes fill red bone marrow
–Other lines crowded out leads to anemia;
bleeding
• Immature nonfunctional WBCs in bloodstream
• Death from internal hemorrhage; overwhelming infections

Front 24

leukemia Treatments

Back 24

– Irradiation, antileukemic drugs; stem cell
transplants

Front 25

Infectious Mononucleosis

Back 25

• Highly contagious viral disease
–Epstein-Barr virus
–Virus transmitted via exchange of saliva
hence “kissing disease”
• High numbers atypical agranulocytes

Front 26

Symptoms of mononucleosis

Back 26

–Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
• Runs course with rest in few weeks, no cure

Front 27

What are platelets?

Back 27

Small fragments of megakaryocytes

Front 28

What do platelets do and what is their normal count?

Back 28

Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal
breaks in blood vessels, Normal = 150,000 –
400,000 platelets /ml of blood

Front 29

how are platelets formed?

Back 29

1. Hematopoietic stemcell (hemocytoblast)

2. Megakaryoblast (stage I megakaryocyte)

3. Megakaryocyte (stage II and III)

4. Megakaryocyte (stage IV)

5. platelets

Front 30

Hemostasis

Back 30

• Fast series of reactions for stoppage of
bleeding(otherwise, you would bleed out
from a paper cut, lg vessel = medical
intervention)

Front 31

Hemostasis occurs in 3 phases in rapid
sequence

Back 31

• Three steps
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

Front 32

Step 1 of hemostasis

Back 32

Vascular spasm

• Smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction

Front 33

Step 2 of hemostasis

Back 33

Platelet plug formation
• Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers;
platelets adhere.

- Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

Front 34

Step 3 of hemostasis

Back 34

Coagulation
• Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

Front 35

Coagulation

Back 35

• Reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads
• Set of reactions that transforms blood from
liquid to gel
• Series of reactions using clotting factors
(procoagulants)

Front 36

Series of reactions using clotting factors
(procoagulants)

Back 36

– # I – XIII; most plasma proteins
– Vitamin K needed to synthesize 4 of them
– Clotting is a cascade of reactions in which
each clotting factor activates the next in a
fixed sequence resulting in fibrin threads

Front 37

Three phases of coagulation

Back 37

– Prothrombin activator formed in both
intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
– Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
– Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen (soluble) 
fibrin (insoluble)

Front 38

Extrinsic coagulation:

Back 38

fewer steps, occurs rapidly (seconds)

Front 39

Intrinsic coagulation

Back 39

complex, occurs more slowly (several minutes)

Front 40

Thromboembolic disorders:

Back 40

undesirable clot formation

Front 41

Bleeding disorders:

Back 41

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Front 42

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Back 42

– Involves both types of disorders
– Widespread clotting in intact blood vessels
– Severe bleeding because residual blood
unable to clot, occurs as pregnancy
complication, incompatible blood transfusion,
or septicemia