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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What happened in the early 13th century? |
long-standing obstacles to Mongol expansion were overcome, primarily because Chinggis Khan's leadership. The Mongols and allied nomads built an empire that stretched from the Middle East to the China Sea. |
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What did the Mongols do for nomadic society and culture? |
the epitomized it |
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What did the Mongol's survival depend on? |
the well-being of the herds of goats and sheep |
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What was the basic unit of Mongol society? |
the tribe, which was divided into kin-related clans (members herded/camped together) |
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What happened when Mongol tribes were threatened? |
the clans/tribes combined in great confederation |
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How were the leaders of the tribes chosen? |
they were elected by free men in the group |
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women in tribes: |
-exercised influence within the family -had right to be heard in tribal councils (men dominated leadership) |
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Kuriltai |
meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected |
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Khagan |
title of supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes |
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tumens |
basic fighting units of the Mongol forces, 10,000 warriors each, then further divided into units |
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Chinggis Khan's ambitions: |
war-->defeating enemies (Xi Xia and Jin Empires) |
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conquered people: |
-famous scholars-->employed (Advisors/artisans) -fought back-->killed/slaves -surrendered-->pay tribute/live |
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Was Chinggis Khan open to new ideas? |
yes, he was committed to building a world where the diverse people of his empire could live together in peace |
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Karakorum |
capital of Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan |
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religions in Chinggis Khan Empire? |
Chinggis Khan: nature spirits
all religions=tolerated |
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Batu |
one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons, responsible for the invasion of Russia |
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Ogedei |
third son of Chinggis Khan, succeeded Chinggis Khan as khan of Mongols after fathers death |
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Where did the Mongol commanders launch raids? |
into Georgia and across the Russian steppe that set the stage for their conquest of the vulnerable Christian lands to the west |
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Golden Horde |
one of the four subdivisions |
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Khanates |
four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following Chinggis Khan's death |
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What did Mongol demands fall heavily upon? |
Russian peasantry (gave crops/labor to own princes and Mongol overlords) |
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As Moscow grew in strength ___ |
the power of the Golden Horde declined |
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Battle of Kulikova |
Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde, helped break Mongol hold over Russia |
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Mongol contributions to Russia: |
-Moscow -Orthodox Church -military organizations/tactics -political style of rulers
isolated from Christian lands |
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Prester John |
mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim Conquest, Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this mythical ruler |
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Who defeated the Mongols? |
in 1260 by the armies of the Mamluk |
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Baibars
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Commander of Mamluk forces at Qin Jalut in 1260, originally enslaved by Mongold and sold to Egyptians
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Berke
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Ruler of Golden Horde, converted to Islam, his threat to Hulegu combined with growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East
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When did the Mongols gain control of China?
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Mid-13th century, which they ruled for a century
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Kubilai Khan
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Grandson of Chinggis Khan, commander of Mongol forces responsible for the conquests of China, became khagan in 1260, established sinicized Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China in 1271 |
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Mongol/Chinese diffusion?
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Mongols retained distinct culture and social separateness-->laws
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Tatu
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Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty
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Chabi
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Influential wife of Kubilai Khan--BUDDHIST
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Who did Kubilia Khan welcome? |
-Muslims ** -Persians/Turks -travelers/emissaries from foreign lands |
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The Polos |
Venetian merchants who traveled through Asia--wrote travel accounts |
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Marco Polo |
member of the Polo family--Kublia Khan's administrator for 17 years |
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Who did Kubilai Khan bolster the position of? |
-artisan classes (didn't enjoy high status)
-merchants (low class for Confucians) |
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Mongol urbanism? |
mongol elite became addicted to the diversions of urban life |
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The Romance of the West Chamber |
most famous Chinese dramatic work written in Yuan period |
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Dynasty weakening: |
-song loyalists raised revolts in the south -popular hostility toward the foreign overlords was expressed more openly -military defeat |
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Kubilai's successors: |
lacked his capacity for leadership and cared little for the tedium of day to day administrators tasks |
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White Lotus Society |
secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan Dynasty in China, typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule |
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Ju Yuanzhang |
Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan, founded Ming Dynasty |
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Ming Dynasty |
succeeded Mongol Yuan Dynasty, initially mounted huge trade expeditions to S Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal developments within China |
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Timur-i Lang |
leader of Turkic nomads (invaded China) |