A&p Unit Exam 3 Review

Front 1

Anterior Pituitary Gland is also called:

Back 1

Adenohypophysis

Front 2

Posterior Pituitary Gland is called:

Back 2

Neurohypophysis

Front 3

What hormones are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

Back 3

ADH and Oxytocin

Front 4

What hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

Back 4

TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH & PRL

Front 5

What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones?

Back 5

It is the Control Center

Front 6

What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones?

Back 6

It is the Control Center

Front 7

Pituitary Gland

Back 7

Master Gland

Front 8

What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones?

Back 8

It is the Control Center

Front 9

Pituitary Gland

Back 9

Master Gland

Front 10

Thyroid Gland

Back 10

T3 and T4 are secreted by this Gland; it controls metabolism

Front 11

What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones?

Back 11

It is the Control Center

Front 12

Pituitary Gland

Back 12

Master Gland

Front 13

Thyroid Gland

Back 13

T3 and T4 are secreted by this Gland; it controls metabolism

Front 14

Parathyroid Gland

Back 14

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) is secreted by this Gland, regulares Calcium and Phosphate (increases plasma calcium; exerts a phosphaturic effect) Causes muscle contraction.

Front 15

Endocrine Glands secrete the chemical substances called...

Back 15

Hormones

Front 16

Endocrine Glands are ductless glands

Back 16

They secrete hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts.

Front 17

What is a hormone?

Back 17

A hormone is a chemical messenger that influences or controls the activities of other tissues or organs.

Front 18

What are chemically hormones classified as?

Back 18

Either proteins or steroids.

Front 19

What does each hormone binds to a specific tissue called?

Back 19

It’s target tissue or organ.

Front 20

What are two types of hormone receptors?

Back 20

The two types of receptors are those located on the outer surface of the cell membrane (membrane receptors) and those located within the cell (intercellular receptors).

Front 21

How do hormones recognize their target tissues?

Back 21

The hormone and it’s receptor can be compared with a lock and key mechanism. Ex (A part of the hormone (key) fits into its receptor (lock) on the target. Unless the match is perfect the hormone cannot lock into and stimulate the receptor.

Front 22

What are the three mechanisms that control the secretion of hormones?

Back 22

Feedback control loops, biorhythms, and control by the central nervous system.

Front 23

When do life threatening complications develop?

Back 23

When the glands hypersecrete or hyposecrete hormones.

Front 24

When do life threatening complications develop?

Back 24

When the glands hypersecrete or hyposecrete hormones.

Front 25

How does the adrenal cortex, a steroid secreting Gland know when it has secreted enough steroid?

Back 25

Through a negative feed back control loop.

Front 26

The mineralocorticoid called the salt retaining hormone?

Back 26

Aldosterone

Front 27

Growth hormone is also called

Back 27

Somatotropin Hormone

Front 28

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 28

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 29

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 29

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 30

Prolactin

Back 30

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 31

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 31

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 32

Prolactin

Back 32

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 33

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 33

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Front 34

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 34

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 35

Prolactin

Back 35

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 36

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 36

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Front 37

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 37

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol

Front 38

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 38

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 39

Prolactin

Back 39

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 40

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 40

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Front 41

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 41

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol

Front 42

Gonadotropic hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 42

Stimulates the development of ova and sperm

Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men

Front 43

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 43

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 44

Prolactin

Back 44

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 45

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Front 46

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 46

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol

Front 47

Gonadotropic hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 47

Stimulates the development of ova and sperm

Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men

Front 48

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 48

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys; also constricts blood vessels

Front 49

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 49

Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting

Front 50

Prolactin

Back 50

Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone

Front 51

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 51

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Front 52

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 52

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol

Front 53

Gonadotropic hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 53

Stimulates the development of ova and sperm

Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men

Front 54

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 54

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys; also constricts blood vessels

Front 55

Oxytocin

Back 55

Contracts uterine muscle during labor; releases milk from the mammary glands during breast feeding (milk let down reflex)

Front 56

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Back 56

Triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) secreted by the thyroid gland; control metabolic rate and regulate physical and neurologic growth and development

Front 57

Calcitonin

Back 57

Secreted by the thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphate ( decreases plasma levels of calcium and phosphate)

Front 58

Calcitonin

Back 58

Secreted by the thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphate ( decreases plasma levels of calcium and phosphate)

Front 59

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 59

Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium and phosphate (increases plasma calcium; exerts a phosphaturic effect)

Front 60

Catecholamines

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Back 60

Secreted by the adrenal medulla

Stimulate the fight or flight response; epinephrine increases blood glucose

Front 61

1. Steroids

2. Cortisol

3. Aldosterone

4. Sex hormones

Back 61

1. Secreted by the adrenal cortex.

2. Glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response. Cortisol increases blood glucose.

3. Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium; helps regulate extracellular fluids and electrolytes (especially Na+ and K+)

4. The androgens (especially testosterone) help develop the secondary sex characteristics in the female and male.

Front 62

Insulin

Back 62

Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; lowers blood glucose levels.

Front 63

1. Steroids

2. Cortisol

3. Aldosterone

4. Sex hormones

Back 63

1. Secreted by the adrenal cortex.

2. Glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response. Cortisol increases blood glucose.

3. Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium; helps regulate extracellular fluids and electrolytes (especially Na+ and K+)

4. The androgens (especially testosterone) help develop the secondary sex characteristics in the female and male.

Front 64

Insulin

Back 64

Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; lowers blood glucose levels.

Front 65

Glucagon

Back 65

Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans; increases blood glucose levels

Front 66

Estrogens and Progesterone

Back 66

Secreted by the ovaries; stimulate the development of the ova (eggs) and development of secondary sex characteristics in the female. Promote conditions necessary for pregnancy.

Front 67

Testosterone

Back 67

Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male

Front 68

Testosterone

Back 68

Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male

Front 69

Thymosins

Back 69

Stimulates maturation of the T lymphocytes; secreted by the thymus Gland

Front 70

Testosterone

Back 70

Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male

Front 71

Thymosins

Back 71

Stimulates maturation of the T lymphocytes; secreted by the thymus Gland

Front 72

Melatonin

Back 72

Secreted by the pineal gland; helps set the biorhythms and participated in the sleep wake cycle.

Front 73

Gonadotropic

Back 73

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 74

Gonadotropic

Back 74

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 75

Glycemia

Back 75

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 76

Gonadotropic

Back 76

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 77

Glycemia

Back 77

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 78

Normoglycemia

Back 78

Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 79

Gonadotropic

Back 79

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 80

Glycemia

Back 80

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 81

Normoglycemia

Back 81

Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 82

Hyperglycemia

Back 82

An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 83

Gonadotropic

Back 83

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 84

Glycemia

Back 84

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 85

Normoglycemia

Back 85

Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 86

Hyperglycemia

Back 86

An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 87

Hypoglycemia

Back 87

A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood

Front 88

Gonadotropic

Back 88

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 89

Glycemia

Back 89

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 90

Normoglycemia

Back 90

Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 91

Hyperglycemia

Back 91

An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 92

Hypoglycemia

Back 92

A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood

Front 93

Cushing’s Syndrome

Back 93

The syndrome is an expression of altered carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.

Front 94

Gonadotropic

Back 94

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes.

Front 95

Glycemia

Back 95

Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood.

Front 96

Normoglycemia

Back 96

Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 97

Hyperglycemia

Back 97

An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood.

Front 98

Hypoglycemia

Back 98

A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood

Front 99

Cushing’s Syndrome

Back 99

The syndrome is an expression of altered carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.

Front 100

What is an Adrenal Cortical insufficiency called?

Back 100

Addison’s disease

Front 101

Hormones

Back 101

A. Classification of hormones

1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood.

2. Hormones are classified as proteins (protein-related substances) and steroids.

Front 102

Hormones

Back 102

A. Classification of hormones

1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood.

2. Hormones are classified as proteins (protein-related substances) and steroids.

Front 103

B. Hormone Receptors

Back 103

1. Hormones are aimed at receptors of target organs.

2. Receptors are located on the outer surface of the membrane or inside the cell.

3. Hormone secretion is controlled by three mechanisms : control, biorhythms and control by the central nervous system.

Front 104

What is the name of a condition of a person who hypersecretes GH as a child?

Back 104

Acromegaly

Front 105

GH deficiency in childhood causes what condition?

Back 105

Dwarfism

Front 106

What is another name for Prolactin (PRL)?

Back 106

Lactogenic Hormone

Front 107

What condition develops when an infant is born with no thyroid gland?

Back 107

Cretinism. An infant with cretinism fails to develop both physically and mentally. The child will be short and stocky with abnormal skeletal development and signs of severe developmental delay.

Front 108

Graves Disease

Back 108

A hyperthyroid state characterized by bulging eyes a condition called exophthalmia. The eyes bulge forward because the eyeballs forward in the eye socket.

Front 109

What is Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine classified as?

Back 109

Catecholamines. They are secreted in emergency or stress situations.

Front 110

Catecholamines help the body respond to stress by causing the following effects:

Back 110

Elevating blood pressure

Increasing heart rate

Converting glycogen to glucose in the liver, thereby making more glucose available to the cells

Increasing metabolic rate of most cells, thereby providing more energy

Causing bronchodilation (opening up the breathing passages) to increase the flow of air into the lungs

Changing blood flow patterns causing dilation of blood vessels to the heart and muscles and construction of the blood vessels to the digestive tract

Front 111

What are 3 steroids the adrenal cortex secretes?

Back 111

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and Sex Hormones.

Front 112

What are 3 steroids the adrenal cortex secretes?

Back 112

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and Sex Hormones.

Front 113

Adrenal cortical hormones

Back 113

Are essential for life. If the adrenal cortex is removed or its function list death will occur unless steroids are readministered

Front 114

Glucosuria or Glycosuria

Back 114

Glucose in the urine

Front 115

Glucosuria or Glycosuria

Back 115

Glucose in the urine

Front 116

Polyuria

Back 116

Excretion of a large volume of urine

Front 117

Polydipsia

Back 117

Excessive thirst

Front 118

Polydipsia

Back 118

Excessive thirst

Front 119

Polyphagia

Back 119

Excessive eating

Front 120

Polydipsia

Back 120

Excessive thirst

Front 121

Polyphagia

Back 121

Excessive eating

Front 122

Acidosis

Back 122

An excess of H+ in the blood causes acidosis.

Front 123

What are the Gonads?

Back 123

Sex glands and refer to the ovaries in the female and testes in the male

Front 124

Where is the thymus gland located and what hormones does it secrete?

Back 124

It lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum. It secreted hormones called thymosins which play a role in the immune system.

Front 125

Pineda Gland

Back 125

A cone shaped gland located closed to the thalamus in the brain. It has been called the body’s biological clock controlling many of its biorhythms.

Front 126

Blood performs three general functions

Back 126

Transport, regulation and protection

Front 127

The average adult has

Back 127

4 to 6 L of blood

Front 128

Normal Blood PH

Back 128

7.35 to 7.45

Front 129

What does blood viscosity refers to:

Back 129

The thickness of the blood and affects the ease with which blood flows through the blood vessels

Front 130

Blood is composed of two parts:

Back 130

The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments)

Front 131

Blood is composed of two parts:

Back 131

The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments)

Front 132

Plasma:

Back 132

A pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water; it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste.

Front 133

Blood is composed of two parts:

Back 133

The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments)

Front 134

Plasma:

Back 134

A pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water; it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste.

Front 135

Albumin

Back 135

The plasma proteins consists of albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins.

Front 136

What does the plasma protein help with?

Back 136

Help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury.

Front 137

Serum

Back 137

Is the plasma minus the clotting proteins.

Front 138

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Back 138

Primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues.

Front 139

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

Back 139

Primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues.

Front 140

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Back 140

Protect the body from infection

Front 141

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 141

Platelets protect the body from bleeding

Front 142

Hematocrit

Back 142

Is the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood.

Front 143

Hemopoiesis

Back 143

The process of blood cell formation

Front 144

What are 2 types of hemopoietic tissue in the adult?

Back 144

Red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

Front 145

Blood formation in the red bone marrow is called

Back 145

Myeloid hemopoiesis

Front 146

Blood formation in the lympathic tissue is called

Back 146

Lymphoid hemopoiesis

Front 147

Bone marrow depression is called

Back 147

Myelosuppression

Front 148

Depressed bone marrow leads to a severe deficiency of RBCs causing a serious form of anemia called

Back 148

Aplastic anemia

Front 149

Leukopenia

Back 149

A deficiency in white blood cells (leukocytes)

Front 150

Thrombocytopenia

Back 150

Inadequate numbers of platelets or thrombocytes

Front 151

What is thrombocytopenic person at risk for?

Back 151

Abnormal bouts of bleeding or hemorrhage

Front 152

A hyperactive bone marrow or overactivity and excess production of blood cells is known as

Back 152

Polycythemia Vera

Front 153

Erythropoiesis

Back 153

The production of RBCs

Front 154

Reticulocyte

Back 154

The immature RBC

Front 155

Reticulocyte

Back 155

The immature RBC

Front 156

Why is it important to measure the reticulocyte count?

Back 156

A high reticulocyte count may indicate blood loss or an iron deficient state.

Front 157

Sickle cell disease

Back 157

Decreased oxygenation and cell death occur

Front 158

Anisocytosis

Back 158

Refers to an unequal sized RBCs

Front 159

Anisocytosis

Back 159

Refers to an unequal sized RBCs

Front 160

Poikilocytosis

Back 160

Refers to irregularity shaped RBCs.