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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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observational study |
observes individuals and reassures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. |
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Experimental study |
deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their response. |
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When our goal is to understand cause and effect, BLANK are the only source of fully convincing data. |
Experiments |
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Lurking Variable |
A variable that is not among the explanatory or response variable in a study but that may influence the response variable. |
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Confounding |
occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable can not be distinguished from one another. |
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treatment |
A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. |
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experimental units |
the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. |
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Experiments can give good evidence for BLANK |
causation |
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sometimes the explanatory variables in an experiment are called BLANK |
factors |
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Many experiments study the joint effects of several factors. In such an experiment, each treatment is formed by combining a specific value often called a BLANK of each of the factors. |
Level |
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Randomized assignment |
In an experiment randomized assignment means that the experimental units are assigned to treatment at random. |
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In a completely randomized design the treatments are assigned to all experimental units completely by BLANK. |
Chance |
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The primary purpose of a BLANK is to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the other BLANK |
Control group, treatments |
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A proper BLANK ensures that influence other than the experimental treatment operate equally on all groups. This helps control for the effects of BLANK |
comparative design, lurking variables |
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BLANK helps balance out the effect of lurking variables that we can't control or don't think of on the BLANK groups. That is, random assignment forms groups of BLANK that should be BLANK in all respects BLANK the treatments are applied. |
Random assignment, treatment, experimental units, similar, before |
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Replication |
Use enough experimental units in each group so that any difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. |
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Statistically significant |
An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance. |
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A statistically significant association does imply BLANK |
causation |
