Ap Psych Motivation, Emotion, & Stress

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Intrinsic Motivation

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A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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Extrinsic Motivation

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A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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Motivation

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A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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Instinct

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A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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Drive-Reduction Theory

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The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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Homeostasis

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A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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Hierarchy of Needs

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Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs to become active

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Abraham Maslow

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Described priorities as a hierarchy of needs

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Set Point

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The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set.

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Basal Metabolic Rate

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The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

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Anorexia Nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

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Bulimia Nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

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Sexual Response Cycle

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The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson -- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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Refractory Period

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A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

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Sexual Disorder

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A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

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Estrogen

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Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

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Testosterone

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The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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Sexual Orientation

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An educing sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

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Industrial-Organization Psychology

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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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Human Factors Psychology

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A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

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Personnel Psychology

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A subfield of I/O that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

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Organizational Psychology

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A subfield of I/O that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

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Achievement Motivation

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A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard

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Task Leadership

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Goal-Oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

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Social Leadership

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Group-Oriented leadership that builds teamwork,mediates conflict, and offers support

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Structure Interview

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Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

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Emotion

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A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

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James-Lange Theory

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The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

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Cannon-Bard Theory

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The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

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Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

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Theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

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Catharsis

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Emotional release, in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

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Polygraph

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A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

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Subjective Well-being

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Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life

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Adaptations-level Phenomenon

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Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior expeirence

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Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

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People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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Relative Deprivation

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The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

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Behavioral Medicine

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An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

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Health Psychology

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A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

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Stress

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The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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General Adaption Syndrome

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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases; alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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Coronary Heart Disease

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The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

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Type A

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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Type B

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Friedman and Roseman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

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Psychophysiological Illness

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Literally, "mind'body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

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Coping

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Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

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Problem-Focused Coping

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Attempting to alleviate stress directly-- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

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Emotion-Focused Coping

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Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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Aerobic excercise

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Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

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Biofeedback

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A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

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Needs

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A physiological tension, deficiency, or imbalance that impels an organism to action

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Drives

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a motivating physiological condition of an organism

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Arousal Theory

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Suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal

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William James

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Believes that our physiological actions trigger emotions

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Alfred Kinsey

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Conducted experiments on human sexuality causing a wider acceptance of the discussion of sexuality

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Stanley Schachter

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Proposed the theory that our physiology and our cognitions together create emotion

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Hans Selye

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Created the concept that the body's adaptive response to stress happens in three stages; Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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Approach-Approach

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When a decision has to be made and both options/outcomes are favorable

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Approach-Aviodance

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When a goal has both a desirable and undesirable aspects or outcomes

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Avoid-Aviod

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When a decision has to be made and both options/outcomes are unfavorable

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Multiple Approach-Avoidance

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More than one option and both have their own pros and cons

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Flow

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A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health