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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ischemia
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Weakened Oxygen supply
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Angina Pectoris
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Pain in chest due to low oxygen supply to heart muscle
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Myocardial infarction
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Death of heart tissue (irreversible, and will be replaced with non-functioning connective tissue).
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What does cardiac muscle require to function?
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Oxygen
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What are some heart problems that could result from low oxygen supply?
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Myocardial infarction, angina pectoris
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Anastomosis
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Arteries are connected with each other to provide alternate routes in cases of blockage.
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Where does heart receive its oxygen from? What is it used for?
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Coronary arteries/ To break down glucose to get ATP--needed for pumping of blood.
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From what structure do the left and right coronary arteries branch?
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The Ascending Aorta
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What part of the heart does right coronary supply? Left coronary?
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Right ventricle and atrium/ Left ventricle and atrium.
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Where does the marginal artery branch from?
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Right coronary--to right ventricle.
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Where do the circumflex and anterior interventricular arteries branch from?
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Left coronary artery and supply left atrium and both ventricles, respectively.
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Heart murmur
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Abnormal sounds in heart beat, sometimes caused by problems with function of heart valves.
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Why is heart considered "double pump?"
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Because both sides of heart pump approx. same amount of blood at same time, almost simultaneously.
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Which side of heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation?
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Right side of heart.
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The left side of heart is responsible for ________ circulation.
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Systemic circulation.
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Artery /Vein
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Structure that carries blood away from heart/ Carries blood towards heart.
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Which structure usually carries oxygenated blood from heart?
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Artery.
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Which type of vessel generally carries deoxygenated blood? Where does it carry the blood?
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Vein/ Towards the heart to become oxygenated.
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Which three veins bring blood to the right atrium?
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Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
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From the right ventricle, blood flows where?
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Pumped to the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary semilunar valve and then to the lungs to be oxygenated.
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Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the _____.
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Pulmonary veins (no valve).
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What type of tissue do AV valves contain?
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Fibrous dense irregular connective tissue covered by endocardium.
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What type of epithelium makes up endocardium?
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Simple squamous.
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Endocarditis
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Inflammation of endocardium--affects lining of heart and heart valves (affects ability to open and close properly.)
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Functions of intercalated discs
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They hold single cardiac muscle cells together and allow them to function as a unit (synchronized contraction of heart).
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Myocarditis
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Inflammation of the myocardium--affects ability of heart to pump blood effectively.
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APEX of heart
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Lowest superficial part--bottom "tip" of heart that rests on diaphragm.
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What primarily makes up left border of heart?
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Left ventricle.
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What primarily makes up right border of heart?
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Right atrium
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Fibrous pericardium
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Dense connective tissue, anchors heart to diaphragm and large blood vessels.
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Parietal pericardium
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Serous membrane (simple squamous, secretes fluid and connective tissue), attached to fibrous pericardium.
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Pericardial cavity
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Located b/t visceral and parietal pericardium, contains fluid to reduce friction.
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Visceral pericardium
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Epicardium--attached directly to surface of heart and myocardium underneath.
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Pericarditis
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Inflammation of pericardium around heart--affects ability of heart to contract and expand.
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Cardiac tamponade
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Compression of heart caused by blood/fluid build up in space between myo- and pericardium--affects ability to contract and expand effectively b/c of fluid build-up.
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Direction of blood flow in heart:
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Blood flows into right atrium via coronary sinus, superior/inferior vena cava--> Right ventricle via tricuspid valve/AV valve--> Pulmonary artery via pulmonary semilunar valve--> Lungs to be oxygenated via pulmonary artery
Returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins--> Left ventricle via bicuspid/ AV valve--> Aorta via aortic semilunar valve--> From Aorta to systemic circulation (rest of body) |
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Fossa ovalis
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Indentation in atria septum--remnant of what used to be hole in foramen ovale in fetal life.
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Which pumps stronger, atria or ventricles?
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Ventricles--atria serve as entryway into ventricles.
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Why do ventricles have thicker myocardium than atria?
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Ventricles are contracting to send blood to arteries that will take blood either to lungs or rest of body.
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Aortic semilunar valve opens when pressure in _____ is greater than ______.
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Left ventricle/ Aorta.
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When ventricles contract, will semilunar valves be open or shut?
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Open, to allow blood through to next structures in pathway (Aorta/ pulmonary artery).
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Interventricular septum
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Separates right from left ventricle.
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What causes AV valves to open and close?
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Open and close passively due to pressure differences.
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Auscultation
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listening to heart or lungs w/ stethoscope.
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When ventricles contract, are AV valves open or closed?
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Closed.
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How much of blood flows passively from atria to ventricles?
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About 70%
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Chordae Tendineae
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Attach valves to papillary muscles (heart strings) and prevent them from inverting backwards into atria.
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SA node (sino-atrial node)
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Called pace maker--located in right atrial wall and produces action potentials at rate of 75X per min
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Approx. pressure in pulmonary arteries:
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22mmHg
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What is the first "lubb" sound in the "lubb" "dubb" of the heart beat? Second "dubb" sound?
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Associated with the closing of the AV valves.
Heard at beginning of ventricular filling when semilunar valves close. |
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Influences that act on the SA node:
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Autonomic nervous system, Thyroid hormone, Adrenaline.
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What structure will send out action potential if SA node is damaged? At what rate does it depolarize?
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AV node/ 50-60X/min
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Conduction system of heart:
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SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of HIS--> Bundle branches--> Purkinje fibers
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Three phases of Diastole:
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Passive filling, Active filling, Isovolumetric fillin
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Two phases of Systole:
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Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection phase |
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P-wave
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Atrial Depolarization (NA+ rushing into cells)
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QRS wave
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Ventricular depolarization (Atrial repolarization).
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T-wave
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Repolarization of ventricles
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Importance of ST segment on EKG reading
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When ventricular contraction occurs.
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Are atrial contraction and depolarization the same thing?
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No, depolarization occurs during p wave, contraction occurs right after p-wave.
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Systole
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Contraction of ventricles
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Diastole
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Relaxation of ventricles.
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When does atrial systole occur?
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During ventricular Diastole
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Ejection
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Semilunar valves open as blood is pumped out of ventricles.
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Basic steps of Cardiac cycle:
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Last 1/2 of Diastole (atrial systole)
Systole (Isovolumetric contraction/ejection) Beginning 2/3 Diastole (Isovolumetric relaxation, passive filling) |
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Stroke Volume
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Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one beat
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What factors influence EDV?
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Length of diastole
Venous return |
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EDV/ESV
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Amount of volume in heart at the end of diastole
Amount of volume in heart after stroke volume pumped. |
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Formula for cardiac output:
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CO=SV x Heart rate
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How can cardiac output be increased?
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Increasing stroke volume/heart rate.
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Frank starling law:
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Greater the EDV, the greater the stroke volume
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Increasing Venous return ________ EDV.
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Increases.
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How does Sympathetic nervous system affect stroke volume? Calcium?
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Increases it/ Increases force of contraction.
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Formula for ejection fraction:
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SV/EDVx100 (normal range should be over 55%.
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Hypovolemic shock
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Severe (1/5 or more of blood volume) blood/fluid loss in the body, not enough blood for body to pump to organs.
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Neurogenic shock
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Can result in lowered blood pressure due to severe central nervous system/ brain damage.
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Septic shock
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Caused by bacterial infection
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Obstructive shock
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Results from pulmonary embolism (moving clot ends up in lungs)
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Anaphylactic shock
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Systemic vasolidation of blood vessels, result in lowered blood pressure.
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Cardiogenic shock
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Caused by heart infection
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Blood flow in is always from _____ to _____ pressure.
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Higher/Lower
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Direction of flow of blood in vessels:
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Arteries-->Arterioles-->Capillaries-->Venules-->Veins
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Three histological layers of veins/arteries:
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Tunica Interna, Tunica media, Tunica externa
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Vasa vasorum
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Blood supply of larger blood vessels.
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What is the tunica interna made up of?
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Endothelium + Elastic tissue
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What is Tunica medica primarily made up of?
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Elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
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What does the tunica externa consist of?
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Elastic and collagen fibers.
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What are arterioles made up of?
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Endothelium, basement membrane, and smooth muscle cells.
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What controls diameter of areterioles?
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Vasomotor center in medulla oblongata.
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What vessels are the key regulators of blood pressure?
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Arterioles.
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If diameter of arterioles is cut by half, blood flow will decrease by ____
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16X
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Vasodilation of areterioles would _____ blood pressure.
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Increase.
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Which is the only vessels where nutrient exchange occurs?
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Capillaries.
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Capillaries consist of what types of tissue?
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Endothelium and basement membrane.
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Tissues with no capillaries:
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Cornea, lens, epithelium, and cartilage.
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Types of capillaries:
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Fenestrated, Continuous, and Sinusoids.
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Where are continuous capillaries found, and why?
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In the brain, muscle, and connective tissue because they limit movement of materials from bloodstream to tissue.
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Where are fenestrated capillaries found, and why?
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In pancreas, intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys--they allow things to leak out of bloodstream (becomes apart of urine in kidneys).
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Where are sinusoids found and why?
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Found in liver--the simple squamous cells are separated slight distance apart to allow things to pass through easily.
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When do precapillary sphincters open?
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When starving for nutrients--relaxed by chemicals such as CO2, H+, and O2.
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Where is blood flow fastest? Slowest?
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Aorta/ Capillaries.
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Which vessel is most blood found in?
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Veins
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Which vessel has a larger tunica externa? Tunica media?
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Veins/ Arteries.
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Why is the tunica media thinner in veins?
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Because of lower pressure.
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Why is the tunica externa thicker in veins?
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Hold the veins open.
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What is the purpose of valves in veins?
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Ensures one way flow of blood (no backflow).
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Is there a difference in the tunica interna of a vein and artery?
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Tunica interna of artery has elastic in addition to simple squamous.
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Factors that aid venous return to heart:
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Valves, skeletal muscle milking, Respiration
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Venous sinus--name two.
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Vein that lacks smooth muscle--coronary sinus and superior sagittal sinus.
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Formula for ESV
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ESV=EDV-SV
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Formula for EDV:
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ESV+SV=EDV
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Pulse pressure formula:
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SP-DP=PP
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Formula for mean arteriole pressure:
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DP +(PP/3)=MAP
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Blood pressure formula:
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SP/DP=BP
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Formula for cardiac cycle length:
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60/Heart rate=CC, then CC-.3= Answer
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Mean arteriole pressure
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Average arterial pressure during single cardiac cycle.
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Heart rate
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Number of heartbeats per minute.
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Cardiac output
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Amount of blood being pumped by heart in a minute.
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Cardiac cycle length
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One complete cardiac cycle from systole to diastole.
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Ejection fraction
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Fraction of blood pumped out of ventricles with each heart beat.
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How does blood volume affect blood pressure?
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More blood=higher venous return which causes heart to work harder to pump more blood to body.
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How does cardiac output affect blood pressure?
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Greater stroke vol=greater cardiac output=greater blood pressure.
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Where are baroreceptors found? How do they affect blood pressure?
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Cartoid sinus, aorta, right atrium.
Send impulses to brain when blood pressure is high. |
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Normal pressure in pulmonary artery?
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90-95 mmHg
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Normal pressure in Vein?
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10-0mmHg
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Peripheral resistance
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Opposition to the flow of blood.
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The greater the TPR, the ______ the blood pressure.
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Higher
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The more viscous the blood, the _______ the blood pressure. What happens to blood in polycythemia?
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Higher--blood pressure is increased in polycythemia, blood is viscous due to increased number of RBCs.
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The longer the blood vessels, the ______ the resistance.
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Greater.
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What happens when someone gains weight?
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Blood vessels lengthen, increasing resistance (higher blood pressure).
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Hydrostatic pressure
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Pressure pushing out on wall of capillary.
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Osmotic pressure
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Pressure pulling in due to albumin and sodium in blood.
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Average hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end of capillary--Venous end:
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30mmHg and 15mmHg
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Average constant Osmotic pressure of capillaries:
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22mmHg
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Does more fluid leave or reenter capillaries?
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Leave.
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Which end of the capillary does fluid leave and reenter?
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Leaves at arteriole end, reenters at venous end.
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Causes of edema
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Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Decreases in albumin Increases in capillary permeability Lymph drainage is blocked |
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Common pulse points
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Temporal, facial, common carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis.
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Why would increase in capillary permeability cause edema?
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If proteins leak out, osmotic pressure can drop.
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What happens if osmotic pressure drops below venous pressure?
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Fluid returns to capillaries.
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How would someone develop a decrease in albumin?
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Kidney patients could possibly lose albumin in urine.
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Why would removal of lymph nodes cause lymph blockage?
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There would be no place for lymph drainage because of the lymph node removal.
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Where does the systemic circulation begin? End?
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Left ventricle and Right Atrium.
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Where does the Pulmonary circulation begin and end?
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Right ventricle, and Left atrium.
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Circle of Willis
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An anastomosis of internal carotid arteries that extend into skull and form anastomosis with vertebral arteries at the base of the brain.
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What would be effect of Beta blocker on blood pressure?
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Lower blood pressure because it blocks the effects of sympathetic nervous system.
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Hepatic portal circulation
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Superior mesenteric artery--> Hepatic portal vein--> Liver sinusoid--> Central vein--> Hepatic vein--> Inferior vena cava--> Aorta
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Ductus arteriosis
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Connects pulmonary artery and aorta to bypass the non-functional lungs of the fetus.
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What does Foramen ovale connect, and why?
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The right and left atrium to bypass lungs because fetus does not use lungs, gets oxygen from mother.
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Umbilical artery and vein
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Takes blood away from fetus' heart
Carries oxygenated blood from fetus' heart to mom's |
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Stages of shock:
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Compensated and uncompensated, irreversible.
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What happens in the irreversible stage of shock?
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Damage to organs because they have not had ample oxygen supply (irreversible leads to death).
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