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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
rights shared by all human beings
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Natural rights
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agreement between individuals to live under a government
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Social contract
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hypothetical condition of people living together without government
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State of nature
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distribution of power so that no branch of government dominates
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Checks and balances
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set of customs, rules, and laws that organize a government
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constitution
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a government limited by a written or unwritten constitution
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constitutional government
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powers specifically given to a government by the people
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delegated powers
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government restricted to protecting natural rights
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limited government
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government with popular sovereignty and representation
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republic
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division of government powers between branches
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separation of powers
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citizens’ dedication to the common good over individual interests
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civic virtue
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government where common welfare is promoted over individual interests
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classical republicanism
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official state-supported religion
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established religion
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group that promotes there interests over the common good
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factions
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government power is held by the people but exercised through elected officials
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representative democracy
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body of unwritten law based on custom and judicial decisions
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common law
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protection against arbitrary violations of rights by the government
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due process
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first document limiting the power of the English king
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Magna Carta
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act of Parliament limiting power of king
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English Bill of Rights
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limited power of the king to tax people without Parliament’s consent
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Petition of Right
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court order requiring cause for holding a suspect
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writ of habeas corpus
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right to vote
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Suffrage
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ultimate right to rule
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Sovereignty
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government in which legislative branch has the most power
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legislative supremacy
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ultimate political authority rests with the people
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popular sovereignty
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first constitution of the United States
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Articles of Confederation
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armed revolt by farmers against foreclosures
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Shays’ Rebellion
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essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay in support of Constitution
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The Federalist
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formal process of adopting the Constitution
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Ratification
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government plan dividing power between national and local
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federal system
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Constitutional plan favoring small states, equal representation
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New Jersey Plan
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Constitutional plan favoring large states, proportional representation
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Virginia Plan
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act of legislature punishing individuals without judicial process
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bills of attainder
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powers specifically given to government in Constitution
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enumerated powers
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law that makes an act criminal after it was committed
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ex post facto laws
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Connecticut plan to combine proportional and equal representation
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Great Compromise
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phrase in Constitution giving Congress unspecified power
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necessary and proper clause
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phrase in Constitution making national law superior to local
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supremacy clause
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body of electors who actually choose the President
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electoral college
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charging a public official with a crime which they can be removed for
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impeach
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power of the courts to determine constitutionality of a gov’t act
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judicial review
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power of the executive to prevent a bill from becoming law
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veto
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political leaders opposed to ratifying the Constitution
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Anti-Federalists
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political leaders in support of ratifying the Constitution
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Federalists
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political system with strong central government and weak local
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unitary government
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govt where sovereignty is divided between national and local units
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federalism
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powers shared by both national and state govts
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concurrent powers
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British legislature consisting of two houses: House of Lords and House of Commons
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Parliament
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body of political practices developed through custom and tradition-as in Britain, Israel and New Zealand
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unwritten constitution
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agreement of citizens to obey the laws of the government
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consent
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the good of the community is placed above private interests
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common good
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idea that government derives its authority from God
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divine right
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fundamental rights of the individual that cannot be taken away by government/anyone
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inalienable rights
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right of the people to overthrow a government that has failed to protect their rights
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right to revolution
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previous court decision upon which legal issues are decided
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precedent
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doctrine that a court should use precedent to determine current decisions
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stare decisis
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principle that those who govern as well as the governed must obey the law
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rule of law
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binding agreement made by one or more parties
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covenant
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ultimate/supreme power in a state
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sovereignty
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document giving a public official power to search property without restrictions
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writ of assistance
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compensation for a loss or wrong done
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redress of grievances
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certain historically established rights that all English subjects were understood to have
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rights of Englishmen
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document from a government or ruler granting certain rights or right to found a colony
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charter
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person who voluntarily sold their labor in return for passage to the American colonies
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indentured servant
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lower level judicial officer, public official
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magistrate
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agreement among Plymouth settler to submit to laws for the common good
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Mayflower Compact
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formal contract between two or more parties or states
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compact
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rules that apply in absence of man-made law
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law of nature
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document giving power to search and seize property without restrictions
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writs of assistance
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political organization of sovereign states that combine for specific purposes
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confederation
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each slave represented a portion of a person for the purpose of representation
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three-fifths compromise
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act of a legislature that inflicts punishment on an individual or group without judicial process
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bill of attainder
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when the majority fails to respect the rights and interests of the minority
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majority tyranny
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