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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
abstract language |
language expressing a quality apart from a specific object or event; opposite of concrete langauage |
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ad hominem |
"against a man", attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue |
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ad populum |
"to the people", playing on the prejudices of the audience |
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ambiguity |
the multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage |
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antimetabole |
the repetition of words in successive clauses, but transposed in grammatical order. EX: "Ask not what your country can do for you; as what you can do for your country." JFK |
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appeal to tradition |
a proposal that something should continue because it has traditionally existed or been done that way |
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argument |
a process of reasoning and advancing proof about issues on which conflicting views that may be held; also, a statement or statements providing support for a claim |
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atmosphere |
The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work |
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audience |
those to whom a communication is addressed
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authoritative warrant |
a warrant based on the credibility of the source |
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authority |
a respectable, reliable source of evidence |
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backing |
the assurances upon which a warrant or assumption is based |
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begging the question |
a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided |
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caricature |
a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect |
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cause and effect |
reasoning that assumes one event or condition can bring about another |
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chiasmus |
a crossing parallelism
EX: parallelism = what is learned unwillingly is forgotten gladly chiasmus = what is learned learned unwillingly is gladly forgotten |
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claim |
the conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove |
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claim of fact |
a claim that asserts something exists, has existed or will exist |
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claim of policy |
a claim asserting that specific courses of action should be instituted as solutions to problems |
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claim of value |
a claim that says some things are more or less desirable than others |
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clause |
a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb |
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cliche |
a worn-out expression or idea |
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comparison warrant |
a warrant based on shared characteristics and circumstances of tow or more things or events |
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conceit |
a fanciful experession |
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concrete language |
language that describes persons, places or things |
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deduction |
reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statement on which it is based are true |
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definition |
an explanation of meaning of a term, concept or experience |
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definition by negation |
defining a thing saying what it is not |
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enthymeme |
a syllogism in which one of the premises or the conclusion is not stated explicitly. |
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evidence |
facts or opinions that support an issue or claim |
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extended definitions |
a definition that uses several different methods of development |
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extended metaphor |
a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work |
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fact |
something that is believed to have objective reality, a piece of info regarded as verifiable |
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factual evidence |
support consisting of data that is considered objectively verifiable by the audience |
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fallacy |
an error of reasoning based on faulty use of evidence or incorrect inference |
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false analogy |
assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well |
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false dilemma |
simplifying a complex problem into an either or dichotomy |
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faulty emotional appeal |
basing an argument on feelings, especially pity or fear |
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faulty use of authority |
failing to acknowledge disagreement among experts or otherwise misrepresenting the trustworthiness of sources |
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figurative language |
writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid |
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figure of speech |
a device used to produce figurative language |
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generalizations |
a statement of general principle derived inferentially from a series of examples |
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hasty generalization |
drawing conclusions from insufficient evidence |
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independent clause |
a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb |
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induction |
reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples |
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inference |
to draw a reasonable conclusion from the info presented |
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invective |
an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language |
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litotes |
understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negative of the contrary |
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motivational appeal |
an attempt to reach an audience by recognizing their needs and values and how these contribute to their decision making |
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motivational warrant |
a type of warrant based on the needs and values of an audience |
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narrative |
the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events |
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need |
in the hierarchy of Abraham Maslow, whatever is required, whether psychological or physiological, for the survival and welfare of a human being |
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non sequitur |
"it does not follow", using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim |
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pathetic fallacy |
an error in logical argumentation which consists of treating inanimate objects or concepts as if they were human beings especially for having thoughts, feelings, or senstations |
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picturesque language |
imagery |
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point of view |
1st person, 3rd person limited omniscient, 3rd person omniscient |
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policy |
a course of action recommended or taken to solve a problem or guide decisions |
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polysyndeton |
repetition of conjunctions in close succession especially where they might be omitted |
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post hoc |
mistakenly inferring that because one event follows another, they have a casual relation |
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prose |
one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. |
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qualifier |
a restriction placed on the claim to state that it may not always be true as stated |
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refutation |
an attack on an opposing view in order to weaken it, invalidate it, or make it less credible |
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reservation |
a restriction placed on the warrant to indicate that unless certain conditions are met, the warrant may not establish a connection between the support and the claim |
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semantics |
the branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another |
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sign warrant |
a warrant that offers an observable datum (something used as a basis for calculating or measuring) as an indicator of a condition |
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slanting |
selecting facts or words with connotations that favor the arguer's bias and discredit alternatives |
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slippery slope |
predicting without justification that one step in a process will lead unavoidably to a second, generally undesirable step |
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slogan |
an attention-getting expression used largely in politics or advertising to promote support of a cause or product |
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statistics |
information expressed in numerical form |
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stipulative definition |
a definition that makes clear that it will explore a particular area of meaning of a term or issue |
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straw man |
disputing a view similar to, but not the same as, that of the arguer's opponent |
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substantive warrant |
a warrant based on beliefs about the reliability of factual evidence |
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support |
any material that serves to prove an issue or claim |
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syllepsis |
applying a single word to the others it governs in the distinct senses |
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symbol |
generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene |
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syntax |
the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences |
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Tautology |
a needless repetition of ideas, words, or concepts |
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thesis |
in expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. |
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transition |
a word or phrase that links different ideas |
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two wrongs make a right |
diverting attention from the issue by introducing a new point |
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values |
conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly or bad |
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warrant |
a general principle or assumption that establishes a connection between the support and the claim |