A&p Chapter 3

Front 1

Cells

Back 1

coined by Robert Hooke in 1665; describes the individual units observed in thin sections of cork

Front 2

Cell Theory

Back 2

cells are the basic building blocks of all plants and animals; come from division of pre-existing cells; smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions; maintains cellular homeostasis

Front 3

Homeostasis of body

Back 3

determined by homeostasis of the cells; combined and coordinated efforts of cells give tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms homeostasis

Front 4

Classes of Cells

Back 4

sex cells
somatic cells

Front 5

Sex cells

Back 5

germ cells; reproductive cells; sperm cells in males; oocytes (ova or eggs) in females

Front 6

Somatic cells

Back 6

soma=body; all non-sex cells of the body

Front 7

Extracellular fluid

Back 7

surrounds cells in human body; means outside of cell

Front 8

Interstital Fluid

Back 8

extracellular fluid in tissue; means standing between

Front 9

Plasma Membrane

Back 9

aka cell membrane
sepaates cell from extracellular fluid; thin layer

Front 10

cytoplasm

Back 10

inside the cell; mostly water

Front 11

cytosol

Back 11

liquid portion of cytoplasm

Front 12

organelles

Back 12

intracellular structures suspended in cytoplasm

Front 13

Nucleus

Back 13

nuclear membrane; DNA

Front 14

Plasm membrane functions

Back 14

Physical separation - inside from external fluid; Regulates exchange - controls entry of nutrients and ions and exit of waste and secretions; sensitive to environment - recepotrs respond to environment; structural support - tissue stability

Front 15

Plasma Membrane contents

Back 15

lipids
proteins
carbs

Front 16

Phospholipid bilayer

Back 16

2 layers; phospate = hydrophillic; lipid = hydrophobic; hydrophillic head at membrane surface near tissue fluid and cell fluid; hydrophobic tals on inside away from fluid

Front 17

Membrane Proteins and functions

Back 17

float in phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes;
Functions: anchors, recognition, enzymes, receptors, carriers, channels

Front 18

Anchors

Back 18

mp; attach to cytoskeleton in cytoplasm; attach to extracellular filament or to other cells

Front 19

Recognition

Back 19

mp; self v. non-self
- immune system

Front 20

Enzymes

Back 20

mp; catalyze reactions

Front 21

receptors

Back 21

mp; bind to ligands
- triggers changes

Front 22

Carriers

Back 22

mp;binds solutes and carries them across plasm membrane; may require energy from ATP

Front 23

Channels

Back 23

mp; pores; passageway for water and ions; may be specific

Front 24

Membrane Carbs

Back 24

small %; glycocalyx; lubrication; protection; sticky - locomation- anchor; specificity; recognitino

Front 25

Plasma Membrane characteristics...

Back 25

an effective barrier; continuous, uniform; has selective permeability

Front 26

Selective Permeability

Back 26

determines what can either enter or exit the membrane

Front 27

Types of Passage across the membrane

Back 27

passive
active

Front 28

Types of Passive transport across the membrane

Back 28

diffusion; osmosis; facilitated diffusion

Front 29

transports that require ATP (energy)

Back 29

active
secondary active
vesicular transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis

Front 30

Endocytosis

Back 30

receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

passive;
ions and molecules;
movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration;
reduces the concentration gradient

Front 32

Concentration Gradient

Back 32

difference between the high and low concentration

Front 33

Rates of Diffusion

Back 33

- increases with increase in concentration gradient
- increases as temp increases
- increases as molecule size decreases
- increases as distance decreases
- increases with electrical forces

Front 34

Osmosis

Back 34

passive;
diffusion of water molecules;
moves from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration;
equilibrium

Front 35

Osmotic Pressure

Back 35

force with which pure water moves;
more force needed as number of particles dissolved in the solution increases

Front 36

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 36

passive;
transports nutrients such as glucose that are not soluble in lipids and too lg. for simple diffusion;
molecule binds to receptor on carrier protein;
movement is in difection of concentration gradient so no ATP is required

Front 37

Carrier Protein

Back 37

shapes changes and moves the molecule across the membrane

Front 38

Active Transport

Back 38

ATP provides energy; moves substances against gradient; carrier proteins = ion pumps; Na-K exchange pump

Front 39

Active Transport Homeostasis

Back 39

maintained by moving K+ back into cell and ejecting extra Na+ out of cell

Front 40

Secondary Active Transport

Back 40

does not use ATP across membrane but to maintain cell homeostasis; carrier protein moves substrate w/o regard to gradient at same time; c. gradient of 1 substance provides force for moving second subtance (free ride)

Front 41

Vesicular Transport

Back 41

transporting bulk; membranes are moved in sm. sacs made of membrane (vesicles)

Front 42

Types of Vesicular Transport

Back 42

endocytosis
exocytosis

Front 43

Endocytosis

Back 43

moved into cell; extracellular materials packaged in vesicles; requires ATP

Front 44

types of endocytosis

Back 44

receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis

Front 45

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 45

materials bind to recognition receptors on cell surface;
ex. cholesterol and iron

Front 46

Process of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 46

1. recepters are glycoprotein and bind to ligands
2. receptors w. bound ligands clust together
3. pinches off into coated vesicle
4. coated vesicle fuses w. lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes
5. digestive enzymes free ligands which enter cytosol by diffusion

Front 47

Ligands

Back 47

specific target that receptors of receptor-mediated endocytosis bind to

Front 48

Pinocytosis

Back 48

endocytosis; cell drinking; vesicles filled w. extracellular fluid; no receptor

Front 49

Phagocytosis

Back 49

endocytosis; cell eating; cells form pseudopods that surround solid to be brought into the cell; may be as large as the cell; phagosome vesicle fuses with lysosome and is digested by enzymes; ex. white blood cell destroying bacteria

Front 50

Exocytosis

Back 50

vesicle inside the cell fuses with plasma membrane; releases contents; homrones; waste