A&p Ch 18&19

Front 1

Water moves by filtration, which is

Back 1

Osmosis under pressure

Front 2

Even is you don't drink liquids, you will still produce urine due to

Back 2

Metabolism fluids-10% of urine

Front 3

What is the role of Osmotic pressure?

Back 3

To suck water back into capillaries

Front 4

The hypothalamus has osmoreceptors, what do they do?

Back 4

Check the water concentration in the blood

Front 5

Barorecptors are pressure receptors, that send messages to _________ to double check ________ __________

Back 5

The hypothalamus. /. Fluid balance

Front 6

What action does ADH have

Back 6

Tells kidneys to reabsorb water

Front 7

What action does Aldosterone have?

Back 7

Tells kidneys to retain sodium, which retains water and excretes potassium

Front 8

What action does PTH have?

Back 8

Defense against low calcium levels

Front 9

What action does Calcitonin have?

Back 9

Defends against high calcium levels

Front 10

What action does ANH/ANP have?

Back 10

Tells kidneys to release water

Front 11

What action does EPO have?

Back 11

Promotes the development of Hgb and RBC

Front 12

Fluid volume deficit results in

Back 12

Low BP, Na+ concentration rises, osmolarity increases

Front 13

Fluid volume excess results in

Back 13

High BP, Na+ concentration lowers, osmolarity decreases

Front 14

What's the normal range of sodium?

Back 14

136-146mEq/L

Front 15

What's the most abundant cation of ECF?

Back 15

Sodium

Front 16

Examples of Cations

Back 16

Na+

K+

Mg2+. (mag)

Ca2+

Front 17

Example of Anion

Back 17

Cl-

Front 18

Sodium is responsible for the electrical activity of

Back 18

Muscles and nerve cells

Front 19

How does our body correct Hyponatremia?

Back 19

By releasing Aldosterone or makes us thirsty

Front 20

How does our body correct Hypernatremia?

Back 20

By releasing ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Tells kidneys to retain fluid

Front 21

Cations are ______ charged

Back 21

Positively

Front 22

What's the normal ranges for Potassium?

Back 22

3.8-5.0 mEq/L

Front 23

What's the most abundant cation of ICF?

Back 23

Potassium

Front 24

What's the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances?

Back 24

Potassium imbalance

Front 25

What creates most of the Osmotic pressure in the ICF?

Back 25

Potassium

Front 26

What are the to places Angiotensin II goes to work

Back 26

Blood vessels and adrenal glands to release Aldosterone

Front 27

What causes Hyperkalemia?

Back 27

Kidney failure

Front 28

How can Hyperkalemia be corrected?

Back 28

Dialysis

Front 29

What is the ionized Ca+ level ranges?

Back 29

4.6-5.5 mEq/L

Front 30

Calcium is essential for

Back 30

Blood clotting

Front 31

What hormone corrects Hypocalcemia?

Back 31

PTH

Front 32

What hormone corrects Hypercalcemia?

Back 32

Calcitonin

Front 33

What's the most abundant anion in ECF?

Back 33

Chloride

Front 34

Normal blood level ranges for Chloride?

Back 34

95-103mEq/L

Front 35

pH level is high and Hydrogen level is low- means blood is

Back 35

Alkaline or basic

Front 36

pH level is low and Hydrogen level is high means blood is

Back 36

Acidic

Front 37

Normal range for the pH of blood?

Back 37

7.35-7.45

Front 38

What are the three systems/mechanisms that regulate Hydrogen and maintain balance?

Back 38

Chemical buffer system

Respiratory mechanisms

Renal mechanisms

Front 39

Describe to the Chemical buffer system

Back 39

Small . Always around. Fast but weak

Front 40

Describe the Respiratory mechanism

Back 40

Stronger than chemical buffer but slower

Front 41

Describe the Renal mechanism

Back 41

Most powerful. Takes the longest

Front 42

What system prevents drastic changes in the pH?

Back 42

Chemical Buffer system

Front 43

The Chemical buffer system includes three systems of its own. What are they?

Back 43

Bicarbonate buffer system

Phosphate buffer system

Protein buffer system

Front 44

The phosphate buffer is important in the regulation of

Back 44

pH of blood in the kidneys

Front 45

The _____ buffer system is important in the ECF

Back 45

Bicarbonate

Front 46

The _______ buffer system is the most important one in the ICF

Back 46

Protein

Front 47

When the Respiratory rate slows, it retains CO2. What does this do to pH?

Back 47

Lowers pH- becoming more acidic

Front 48

When the Respiratory rate increases, expelling CO2. What does this do to pH?

Back 48

Raises pH- becoming less acidic

Front 49

Explain the Renal mechanism -pH vs Hydrogen

Back 49

Less hydrogen = high pH

More hydrogen= low pH

Front 50

Hydrogen is external and reabsorbed by the

Back 50

Kidneys

Front 51

Acidosis causes _________ of the CNS

Back 51

Depression

Front 52

Alkalosis causes __________ of the CNS & PNS

Back 52

Irritability

Front 53

Acidosis can cause

Back 53

Ketoacidosis

Front 54

When a loss of gastric juices happens- through Suctioning etc. What could happen

Back 54

Pt could have alkalosis

Front 55

What does ROME stand for

Back 55

Respiratory

Opposite

Metabolic

Equal

Front 56

What are the normal lab ranges for CO2?

Back 56

35-45

Front 57

What are the normal lab ranges for HCO3?

Back 57

22-28

Front 58

Respiratory Acidosis means the pH____, CO2____& the HCO3______

Back 58

Low, high, normal

Front 59

Respiratory Alkalosis means pH___, CO2_____&HCO3______

Back 59

High, low, normal

Front 60

Metabolic Acidosis means pH_____,CO2______&HCO3______

Back 60

Low, normal, low

Front 61

Metabolic aklalosis means pH____,CO2_____&HCO3______

Back 61

High, normal, high

Front 62

ABG stands for

Back 62

Arterioles Blood Gases

Front 63

Three functions of the urinary system

Back 63

Removes wastes

Regulates water and electrolyte balance

pH

Front 64

What bone structure protects the kidneys

Back 64

Bottom two ribs

Front 65

Where do the ureters enter into the bladder

Back 65

Bottom, backside of bladder

Front 66

What glands sit on top of the kidneys?

Back 66

Adrenal glands

Front 67

The Renal cortex is the ______ layer of the kidneys

Back 67

Outer

Front 68

The Renal medulla are _______ shaped, and are connected to ______

Back 68

Triangle. /. Calyces

Front 69

What are Calyces?

Back 69

Passageways for urine, as it travels to the Renal Pelvis

Front 70

A kidney consists of approximately one million Nephrons. What is a Nephron?

Back 70

The functional unit of the kidneys where urine is formed

Front 71

Efferent arterioles are much smaller/skinnier than Afferent arterioles, which results in

Back 71

An increase in BP

Front 72

The Calyx dumps into the Renal Pelvis then into the ureters then

Back 72

Into the bladder

Front 73

The Nephron is responsible for

Back 73

Filtration and collection

Front 74

Nephrons are located within the Renal cortex (shell) and the

Back 74

Renal medulla (middle)

Front 75

The first part of the kidneys where urine will be present, is the

Back 75

Renal calyx

Front 76

The Nephron starts in the Renal cortex and "dips" down into the Renal medullas. The "dips" are called

Back 76

The Loop of Henle

Front 77

What does osmolarity mean

Back 77

The Osmotic pressure of a solution

Front 78

The glomerulus is very

Back 78

Porous

Front 79

Filtration of the Nephron takes places in the

Back 79

Glomerus

Front 80

Reabsorption of needed nutrients happens in the

Back 80

Proximal tubules

Front 81

The Loop of Henle makes the Medulla

Back 81

Salty - to draw out water

Front 82

What hormone dictates how porous the collecting ducts of nephrons are

Back 82

ADH

Front 83

Majority of reabsorption happens in the _________ of to the Nephron

Back 83

Proximal tubule

Front 84

Is energy used in the Loop of Henle to absorb water into the medulla?

Back 84

No- salt in the medulla draws it out

Front 85

Juxtaglomerular apparatus controls BP, it is located between

Back 85

The glomerulus and the distal tubule

Front 86

What is absorbed into the collecting ducts in the medulla?

Back 86

Urea

Front 87

Urea is absorbed to help maintain

Back 87

Osmolarity

Front 88

The Efferent arterioles branch off into

Back 88

Peritubular capillaries

Front 89

Peritubular capillaries lead in to the ____ _______

Back 89

Renal vein

Front 90

What does Micturition mean

Back 90

To pee

Front 91

The ________ _________ ____________ is the involuntary muscle that controls when you release urine

Back 91

Internal urethral sphincter

Front 92

The external urethral sphincter is made up of

Back 92

Skeletal muscles- voluntary

Front 93

What is the first process of Glomerular filtration?

Back 93

Blood enters glomerulus under high pressure via the Afferent arteriole

Front 94

Since the glomerulus capillaries are very porous, this allows water and small particles to leave the capillaries and enter into

Back 94

The Bowman's capsule

Front 95

What is the average Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per minute

Back 95

100-125ml per minute

Front 96

What types of waste products are secreted it of blood into renal filtrate?

Back 96

Ammonia, uric acid, meds

Front 97

What does ADH do to BP

Back 97

Increases it

Front 98

What does Aldosterone do to BP

Back 98

Increases it

Front 99

What does ANH do to BP?

Back 99

Lowers it

Front 100

What does PTH do to BP

Back 100

Nothing

Front 101

Hypoxia tells your body to secrete what

Back 101

EPO (erythropoietin)

Front 102

Low BP makes the kidneys secrete

Back 102

Renin

Front 103

The average amount of urine produced per hour is

Back 103

33-83mL

Front 104

The average amount of urine produced per day is

Back 104

1-2L a day

Front 105

Average pH of urine is

Back 105

6

Front 106

What is the normal range of pH for urine

Back 106

4.5-8

Front 107

What does finding ketones in a urinalysis signify?

Back 107

A shortage of insulin in the blood- the body uses broken down body fat and not glucose

Front 108

Ketones found in urine usually signify

Back 108

Type 1 diabetes

Front 109

What is a Trigone?

Back 109

The triangular region at the base of the bladder

Front 110

What two things typically are the result of a high glucose urinalysis?

Back 110

Pregnancy or diabetes

Front 111

Rugae is another word for

Back 111

Folds

Front 112

What is the lining of the bladder made up of?

Back 112

Mucous transitional Epithelium

Front 113

The wall of the bladder consists of how many layers?

Back 113

Three

Front 114

When the bladder fills to approximately 200mL a message is sent to the _______ ________ to release

Back 114

Spinal cord

Front 115

In the urinary system, the paired organs are

Back 115

Kidneys and ureters

Front 116

A kidney infection is called

Back 116

Nephritis

Front 117

The Renal arteries are branches of the abdominal Aorta, the renal veins empty into

Back 117

The inferior vena cava

Front 118

Kidneys eliminate wastes, maintain blood volume and

Back 118

Maintain blood pressure

Front 119

The kidneys are able to correct acidosis by excreting

Back 119

Hydrogen ions

Front 120

Kidneys produce urine from

Back 120

Blood plasma

Front 121

Ureters carry trying from the kidneys to the

Back 121

Bladder

Front 122

When do kidneys produce Epo?

Back 122

When there is a need for more RBC

Front 123

Kidneys are located just below

Back 123

The diaphragm

Front 124

Small proteins are received by

Back 124

Pinocytosis

Front 125

Uric acid comes from the metabolism of

Back 125

Nucleic acids

Front 126

ADH directly increases the reabsorption of

Back 126

Water

Front 127

ANP increases the excretion of

Back 127

Sodium ions

Front 128

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of

Back 128

Sodium ions

Front 129

Renin begins a series of reactions that result in the formation of

Back 129

Angiotensin II

Front 130

Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of Aldosterone by the

Back 130

Adrenal cortex

Front 131

The substrate of renin is Angiotensin, that's produced by

Back 131

The liver

Front 132

The average amount of water loss for the average person, per day is

Back 132

2-3 liters

Front 133

The organs that are MOST responsible for maintain blood pH and tissue fluid are

Back 133

Kidneys

Front 134

What is the largest water compartment of the body

Back 134

Intracellular fluid

Front 135

Part of the brain that regulates water content in the body, is the

Back 135

Hypothalamus

Front 136

Hormone that increases water reabsorption

Back 136

ADH

Front 137

Hormone that increases reabsorption of sodium

Back 137

Aldosterone

Front 138

Hormone that increases the excretion of potassium

Back 138

Aldosterone

Front 139

Hormone that increases the excretion of sodium

Back 139

ANP

Front 140

Proteins may act as buffers for either acids or bases because

Back 140

They can either pick up or donate an H+ ion

Front 141

Over hydration will cause urine to have a ______ ________ gravity

Back 141

Low specific

Front 142

Severe acidosis has it's greatest effects on the

Back 142

CNS

Front 143

Edema is abnormal accumulation of

Back 143

Tissue fluid

Front 144

Kidney tubule cells use bicarbonate buffer system to excrete hydrogen ions to help

Back 144

Raise blood pH to a normal range

Front 145

The most important cation in ECF is

Back 145

Sodium

Front 146

The most important cation in ICF is

Back 146

Potassium