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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
leaf venation pattern in dicots
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netted (a branching pattern)
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leaf venation pattern in monocots
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parallel
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numbers of flower parts in dicots
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4s or 5s
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numbers of flower parts in monocots
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3s
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arrangement of vascular bundles in stems in dicots
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organized in a circle
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arrangement of vascular bundles in stems in monocots
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scattered
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form of root in dicots
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taproot
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form of root in monocots
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fibrous system
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xylem
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dead at functional maturity. conducts water and minerals and provides mechanical support.
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tracheids
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xylem cells that are long and tapered, overlapping each other
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vessel members
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xylem cells that have perforations between them, allowing more efficient water movement. most prominent in angiosperms.
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phloem
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conducts sugar
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sieve-tube members
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phloem cells that form sieve tubes. they lack nuclei and ribosomes, so companion cells support their functions through plasmodesmata
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parts of seed
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embryo, seed coat, endosperm, cotyledon
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function of cotyledons in dicots
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digest endosperm and store it for the embryo
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function of cotyledon in monocots
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transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo
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epicotyl
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top portion of embryo that becomes shoot tip
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plumule
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young leaves attached to epicotyl
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hypocotyl
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below the epicotyl and attached to the cotyledons, the hypocotyl becomes the young shoot.
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radicle
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develops into the root before the hypocotyl sprouts
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coleoptile
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sheath that surrounds and protects the epicotyl
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apical meristems
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actively dividing areas at tips of roots and shoots, which encourage primary growth
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two types of lateral meristems
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vascular cambium and cork cambium
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root hairs
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produced by root epidermis. roots must constantly grow to produce new root hairs to absorb water.
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cortex
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ground tissue that stores starch
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endodermis
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ring of cells between cortex and stele
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Casparian strip
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blocks water from passing between endodermal cells, forcing it to pass through endodermal cells for filtration
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stele
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vascular cylinder in roots
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arrangement of vascular tissue in roots of dicots
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xylem cells fill center of vascular cylinder, with phloem cells surrounding
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arrangement of vascular tissue in roots of monocots
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xylem and phloem cells alternate encircling central storage ground cells called pith
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apoplast
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pathway by which water moves toward stele in root, through cell walls and intercellular spaces without entering cells
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symplast
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pathway by which water moves toward stele in root, moving within cytoplasm through plasmodesmata
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auxin
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hormone that stimulates elongation of developing cells. It is produced in the apical meristems. it concentrates in the shady side of a stem, stimulating more elongation on that side and causing the stem to bend toward light.
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gibberellins
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promote cell growth. they are also involved in the promotion of fruit development and seed germination and the inhibition of aging in leaves.
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cytokinins
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work together with auxin in stimulating cell division and affecting differentiation. they also counter the action of the auxin by promoting lateral bud development.
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ethylene
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promotes the ripening of fruit. it is involved in stimulating the production of flowers. it also inhibits elongation and influences leaf abscission (aging and dropping).
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abscisic acid
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is a growth inhibitor. in buds, it delays growth of leaves. it also maintains dormancy in seeds
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long-day plants
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flower when night is short
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short-day plants
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flower when night surpasses a critical length
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sporophyte
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diploid generation, dominant in vascular plants. produces haploid spores.
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gametophyte
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haploid generation. produces gametes.
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pistils/carpels
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megasporangia. contains egg-bearing ovary, style (tube), and stigma (tip)
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stamens
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microsporangia. includes pollen-bearing anther and the filament (stalk)
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petals
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colorful leaves that attract pollinators
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sepals
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leaves that support flower bud
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pollen tube
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grows down from pollen on stigma. two sperm go through it.
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embryo sac
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result of mitosis by megaspore. includes an egg cell, two flanking synergids, three antipodal cells, and a cell with two haploid nuclei.
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double fertilization
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one sperm fertilizes egg. the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus that produces endosperm.
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Charophyceae characters shared with plants
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rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes and peroxisomes
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characters developed for nonvascular plants
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alternation of generations, enclosed gametangia that protect gametes and embryos, and spores toughened by sporopollenin
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characters developed for vascular plants
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vascular tissue with lignin, dominant sporophyte generation
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characters developed for seed plants
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pollen and seeds
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characters developed for angiosperms
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flowers, seeds enclosed in ovaries (fruits), and vessel elements
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character developed for pterophyta (ferns)
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leaves
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simple fruit
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develops from single ovary (can have multiple seeds AKA ovules)
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aggregate fruit
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develops from single flower with multiple ovaries
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multiple fruit
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develops from multiple flowers (walls of ovaries fuse)
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