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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four main groups of land plants?
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1. Bryophytes
2. Pteridophytes 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms |
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Bryophytes
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A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
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Pteridophytes
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Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.
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Gymnosperms
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A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.
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Angiosperms
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A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
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vascular plants
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A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all modern species except the mosses and their relatives.
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Vascular Tissue
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Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
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seed
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An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.
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Similarities between terrestrials plants and Charophyceans
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1. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. peroxisomes they also have similarities in sperm cells and phragmoplast formation in the synthesis of cell plate in mitosis |
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Charophyceans
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The green algal group that shares two ultrastructural features with land plants. They are considered to be the closest relatives of land plants.
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rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
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Rose-shaped array of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls of charophyceans and land plants.
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peroxisomes
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A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
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apical meristems
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Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
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placental transfer cells
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facilitate the transfer of nutrients from parental tissues
-basis for referring to land plants as embryophytes |
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embryophytes
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Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.
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Alternation of generations
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-does not occur in charophyceans
-A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants. |
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gametophyte
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The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.
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sporophyte
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The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.
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spore
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In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
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sporopollenin
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A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.
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sporangia
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(plural, sporangia) A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.
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spore mother cells
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The cells that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores within a sporangium.
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gametangia
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(plural, gametangia) The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.
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antheridia
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(plural, antheridia) In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
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archegonium
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(plural, archegonia) In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
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cuticle
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A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
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stomata
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A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.
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xylem
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The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
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phloem
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The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
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secondary compounds
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A chemical compound synthesized through the diversion of products of major metabolic pathways for use in defense by prey species.
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evidence that land plants evolved from charophyceans
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-homologous chloroplasts
-homologous cellulous walls -peroxisomes -phragmoplasts in cell plate formation -homologous sperm |
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What might alternation of generations have originated from?
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delayed meiosis
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Deep Green
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An international initiative focusing on the deepest phylogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades.
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kingdom Steptrophyta
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The name given to the group that includes the traditional plant kingdom and the green algae most closely related to plants, the charophyceans and a few related groups.
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kingdom Viridiplantae
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The broadest version of the plant kingdom that includes the members of the kingdom Streptophyta plus the chlorophytes (non-charophycean green algae).
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kingdom Plantae
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The traditional embryophyte definition of the plant kingdom.
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Where do plants originate from?
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Plants are monopyletic meaning that they have a common ancestor
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What are the 3 phyla of bryophytes?
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1. phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
2. phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 3. phylum Bryophyta (mosses) |
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phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
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The group of liverworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
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phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
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The group of hornworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
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phylum Bryophyta (mosses)
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A formal group of mosses. Note that the term "bryophyte " refers instead to the informal group of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, nonvascular plants that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
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protonema
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A mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores.
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gametophore
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The mature gamete-producing structure of a gametophyte body of a moss.
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rhizoids
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Long tubular single cells or filaments of cells that anchor bryophytes to the ground. Rhizoids are not composed of tissues, they lack specialized conducting cells, and they do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.
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foot
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The portion of a moss sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells.
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seta
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The elongated stalk of a moss sporophyte.
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capsule
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A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
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calyptra
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covers immature capsule
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perostome
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The upper part of the moss capsule (sporangium) often specialized for gradual spore discharge.
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peat
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Extensive deposits of undecayed organic material formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.
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branched sporophytes
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vascular plants have these, they become independent of the gametophyte parent
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seedless vascular plants
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The collective name for the phyla Lycophyta (lycophytes) and Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails).
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protracheophyte polysporangiophytes
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A group of Silurian moss-like ancestors that were like bryophytes in lacking lignified vascular tissue but were different in having independent, branched, sporophytes that were not dependent on gametophytes for their growth.
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microphylls
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The small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein.
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megaphylls
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The larger leaves of modern vascular plants served by a highly-branched vascular system.
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homosporous
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Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.
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heterosporous
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Referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male.
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megaspores
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A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.
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microspores
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A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.
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sporophylls
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Lycophyte leaves specialized for reproduction.
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sori
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Clusters of fern sporangia on the backs of green leaves or on special, non-green leaves (sporophylls). Sori may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, that are useful in fern identification.
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