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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consists of a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons
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atom
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are groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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molecules
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ability of an atom to attract electrons
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electronegativity
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What are three kinds of atomic bonds?
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ionic, covalent, hydrogen
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bonds form between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other
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ionic
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bond with the highest electronegativity
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ionic
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atoms with positive or negative charges
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ions
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bonds form when electrons between atoms are shared
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covalent
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What are two types of covalent bonds?
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nonpolar and polar
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bonds form when electrons are shared equally
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nonpolar covalent
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bonds form when electrons are shared unequally
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polar covalent
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negative charge
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pole
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In a polar covalent bond, which atom has the stronger pull?
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the one with the highest
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are weak bonds between molecules
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hydrogen bonds
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What are the five properties of water?
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-is an excellent solvent
-has a high capacity -ice floats -strong cohesion and high surface tension -has strong adhesion |
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Which two bonds are soluble?
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polar covalent and ionic
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What bond is hydrophobic?
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nonpolar covalent
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is the degree to which a substance changes temperature in response to gain or loss of heat
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heat capacity
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What is does water do when it freezes?
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water expands
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attraction between like substances
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cohesion
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What does the strong cohesion in water create?
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surface tension
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is the attraction of unlike substance
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adhesion
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water adheres to the walls of narrow tubing or to absorbent solids like paper
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capillary action
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molecules that have carbon atoms
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organic molecules
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large organic molecules
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macromolecules
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most macromolecules are
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polymers
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molecules that consist of a single unit repeated many times
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polymers
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single unit of a polymer
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monomer
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clusters of atoms that give molecules their properties
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functional groups
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What are the three groups of carbohydrates
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monosaccharide
disaccharide polysaccharide |
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is the simplest kind of carbohydrate
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monosaccharide
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consists of two sugar molecules joined by a glycodic linkage
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dissacharide
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a chemical reaction where a simple molecule (more often water) is lost
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condesation synthesis
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glucose + fructose =
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sucrose
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glucose + galactose =
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lactose
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glucose + glucose =
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maltose
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consists of a series of connected monosaccharides
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polysaccharide
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is a polymer of alpha glucose molecules. is the principal energy storage molecule in plant cells
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starch
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is a polymer of alpha molecules. major energy storage molecule in animal cells
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glycogen
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is a polymer of beta glucose. it serves as a structural molecule in plant cells
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cellulose
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is a polymer of beta glucose. serves as a structural molecule for animal cells
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chitin
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What are the three major types of lipids?
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Triglycerides
phospholipid steroids |
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glycerol + 3 fatty acids =
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triglyceride
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What are three types of fatty acids?
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saturated
monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
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fatty acid that has a single covalent bond between each carbon atom and each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it
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saturated
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fatty acid that has one double covalent bond and each of the two carbons in this bond has only one hyrogen atom bonded to it
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monounsaturated
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fatty acid that has two or more double covalent bonds
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polyunsaturated
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looks like a lipid except that one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phsophate group
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phospholipid
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has both polar and nonpolar regions
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amphipathic molecules
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are characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings
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steroids
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What are some major categories for proteins?
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structural, storage, transport, defensive, and enzymes
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all proteins are polymers of what?
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amino acids
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the bonds between amino acids
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peptide bonds
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the chain of amino acids is called
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polypeptide
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What does a basic amino acid structure look like?
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central carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group
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What factors contribute to a tertiary structure of a protein?
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hydrogen bonding
ionic bonding hydrophobic effect formation disulfide bonds |
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occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of a protein (away from the water that the protein is emmersed in)
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hydrophobic effect
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when the sulfur atom in the amino acid cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in another cysteine
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disulfide bonds
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What does a DNA nucleotide consist of?
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nitrogen base
deoxyribose phosphate group |
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What aer the four nitrogen bases?
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Adenine
Thymine Cytosine Guanine |
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What are the purines?
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adenine and guanine
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What are the pyrimidines?
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thymine and cytosine
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What are three ways in which RNA differs from DNA?
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-RNA has ribose
-thymine is replaced by uracil -is single stranded and doesn't form a double helix |
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sufficient energy to form new bonds
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activation energy
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accelerates the rate of the reaction because it lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to take place
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catalyst
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the breakdown of substances
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catabolism
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formation of new products
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synthesis (anabolism)
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What determines whether a reaction proceeds forward or backward?
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concentration of reactants and end products
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describes the condition where the rate of reaction in the forward direction equals the rate in the reverse direction and there is no net production of reactants or products
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equlibrium
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is the substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts
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substrate
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lose 3d shape as hydrogen bonds and peptide bonds begin to break down
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denatured
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describes how enzymes work
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induced-fit model
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nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes
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cofactors
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is the union of the cofactor and the enzyme
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holoenzyme
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are organic cofactors that usually function to donate or accept some component of a reaction
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coenzymes
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is a common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions
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ATP
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ADP combines with a phosphate group using energy obtained from some energy-rich molecule
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phosphorylation
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What are the two kinds of allosteric effector?
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Allosteric activator
Allosteric activator |
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binds the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form
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allosteric activator
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binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form
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allosteric inhibitor
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a substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site
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competetive inhibition
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an enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to an active site
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cooperativity
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