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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Trace elements
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elements that an organism only need minute quantities of and only in certain species
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Neurons
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electrically neutral
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Protons
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one positive charge
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Electrons
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one negative charge
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Atomic nucleus
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dense core of neutrons, protons and electrons at the center of an atoms
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What makes electrons move?
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the attraction between opposite charges
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What two subatomic particles are almost identical in mass?
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protons and neutrons
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Dalton
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atomic mass unit
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Which two subatomic particles balance each other with equal presence?
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protons and electrons
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Stable isotope
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does not tend to lose particles
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Radioactive isotope
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nucleus decays spontaneously and gives off particles and energy
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What kind of subatomic particles interact in chemical reactions?
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electrons
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Potential energy
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the energy that matter stores because of its position or location
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Energy level/electron shell
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different states of potential energy that electrons in an atom have
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Valence electrons
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the outer electrons in a shell
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What makes an atom chemically unreactive?
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having a completed valance
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Orbital
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the 3 dimensional space where an election is found 90% of the time. No more than 2 electrons to each
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What particles are involved when atoms interact to complete their valence shells?
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the unpaired electrons
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Chemical bond
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attractions that cause atoms to stay close together
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Structural formula
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notation that represents both atoms and bonding (H-----H)
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Molecular formula
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indicates what atoms a molecule consists of
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Double covalent bond
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when two pairs of valence electrons are joined to make a molecule
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Valence
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the bonding capacity of an atom, how many covalent bonds it can form. Usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in the atom’s outermost (valence) shell.
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Electronegativity of an atom
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the attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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electrons are shared equally between the atoms
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Polar covalent bond
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a bond of atoms where the electrons are not shared equally
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Ionic compounds/salts
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compounds formed by ionic bonds
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Van der waals interactions
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weak interactions that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together because of the constant movement of electrons that makes it possible for them to randomly gather in one area.
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Matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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Element
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substance that can’t be broken down into another substance
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Atom
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the smallest unit with physical and chemical properties of an element
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Atomic number
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number of protons in nucleus (also tells the number of electrons because they are the same). Does not change.
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Mass number
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protons + neutrons
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Isotope
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element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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Energy
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the ability to work
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Potential energy
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stored energy due to position
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How can electrons move to other energy levels
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absorbing or loosing energy
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Valence electrons
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electrons in the outermost shell (used for bonding)
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Stable elements
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outermost shell is full
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Unstable elements
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outermost shell is incomplete
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How many electrons does the first shell hold?
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2
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How many electrons do the outer shells usually hold?
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8
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Covalent bond
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sharing of a pair of valence electrons
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond. I.e. methane
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Polar covalent bond
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unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity. The most electronegative atoms will pull the electrons closer to it resulting in a slight negative charge. I.e. Water molecules
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Ionic bond
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completely transfer of electrons resulting in charge atoms (opposite charges attract forming a bond)
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Anion
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negatively charged atoms
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Cation
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positively charged atom
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Hydrogen bond
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occurs when a hydrogen atom is currently bonded to one electronegative action and is also attracted to another electronegative atom
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Chemical reactions
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making or breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition of matter.
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Mass
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the amount of matter in an object (interchangeable with weight on earth)
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Compound
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made of 2 elements with a fixed ratio
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Atomic weight
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the total mass of an atom
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None
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Valence shell
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outermost electrons
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None
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Ion
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chemical equilibrium. an atom or atom group that is charged because of a loss or gain of electrons
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None
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Ca
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calcium
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K
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potassium
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Na
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sodium
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Mg
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magnesium
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P
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phosphorus
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S
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sulfur
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Cl
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chlorine
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What is one reason for radioactive isotopes in biology
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they save lives when helping to diagnose kidney disorders
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What is one reason against radioactive isotopes in biology
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when they decay they can damage molecules in cells
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Why are helium, neon and argon chemically unreactive
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they are stable because they do not tend to loose molecules
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None
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What is the advantage of weak bonds?
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they are easily broken and can work for a short time as with chemical signaling in the brain
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Why is molecular shape important?
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molecules need to be shaped a certain way to function the way they should like when they need to pass information in the brain.
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