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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
undernourishment
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deficient in calories
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overnourishment
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obesity
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essential nutrients
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materials that must be obtained in pre-assembled form; animals can't make from raw materials. [amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals]
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malnourished
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missing 1+ essential nutrients
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suspension-feeders
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sift small food particles from water
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substrate-feeders
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live in/on their food source
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deposit-feeders
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live in/eat dirt
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fluid-feeders
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suck nutrient-rich fluid from living host
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bulk-feeders
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eat lots! +big pieces of food
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ingestion
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act of eating
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digestion
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process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for body to absorb
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enzyatic hydrolysis
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splitting molecules by adding water; breaking bonds
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absorption
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cells take up small molecules
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elimination
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pee/poop it out
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intracellular digestion
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food vacuoles+ lysosomes; digests in itself
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exgracellular digestion
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breakdown of food outside of cells; extracellular digestion cavity
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gastrovascular cavities
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digestive tracts: single openings. (ex. hydras)dual role: mouth and anus
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systole
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contraction phase
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diastole
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relaxation phase
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heart rate
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#beats per minute
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stroke volume
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amt of blood pumped by left ventricle in each contraction
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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pace maker, sets rate/timing when all cardiac muscle cells contract
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endothelium
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lines lumen of all blood vessels. single layer of flattened cells; provides smooth surface.
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atria
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receive blood returning to heart
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ventricle
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pump blood out of heart
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arteries
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carry blood away from heart to organs. fatty & fastest
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arterioles
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arteries >> _____. in organs, small
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capillaries
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arterioles >> _______. thin, porous, slowest. make up beds
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venules << veins
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capillaries >_______ > ______. return blood to heart
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red blood cells
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transport oxygen, no nucleus, hemoglobin, lack mitochondria,
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white blood cells
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function for defense, fight infection,
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platelets
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clotting, no nucleus
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fibrinogen/fibrin
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inactive/aggregates into thread, framework of clot.
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thrombus
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clot in blood vessels; block blood flow
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heart attack
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death of cardiac muscle tissue
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stroke
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death of nervous tissue
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tidal volume
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volume of air animal inhales and exhales w/ each breath
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vital capacity
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max tidal volume, forced breathing
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residual volume
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breath after we exhale
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breathing control centers
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medulla oblongata, pons
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too much CO2
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pH drops, medulla inc rate of breathing
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hemoglobin
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in red blood cells, 4 subunits, 4 units O2, iron actually binds to O2. transports O2/CO2
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bohr shift
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drop in pH lowers affinity for O2 in hemoglobin
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first line of defense
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skin, mucous membranes, secretions
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2nd line of defense
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phag. white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflam. response
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3rd line of defense
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specific, lymphocytes, antibodies
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chemokines
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attract phagocytes to an area
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complement system
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20 serum proteins, carry out cascade of steps leading to lysis of microbes
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interferons
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secreted by virus infected cells, induce neighboring cells to inhibit viral reproduction
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antigen
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foreign molecule
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Class I MHC
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glycoproteins, found on almost cells
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Class II MHC
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glycoproteins, specific cells
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Humoral response
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B cell activation,
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cell mediated response
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depends on T cell actions
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