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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
character
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heritable feature that varies in individuals.
Eg. plant color. |
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trait
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variant of character.
Eg. color purple. |
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Stamens
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pollen producing organs in plants.
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Carpel
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egg bearing organs in plants.
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true breeding
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self pollinating plants produce plants of same variety.
homozygous. |
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Hybridization
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crossing of 2 true-breeding plants.
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P Generateion
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first breeding generation of true-breeding organisms.
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F1 generation
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frst Filal generation where the products are heterozygous.
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F2 generation
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produced when the F1 geneartion self-pollinates.
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Filal
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son generation.
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Law of Segregation
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the law that states that for each character an organism inherits, two alleles exist, one from each parent.
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Alleles
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alternate versions of genes.
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Dominant Allele
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determines phenotype.
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Reccessive allele
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no noticable effect on phenotype unless in a homozygous, recessive genotype.
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Punnett Square
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the method of judging possible combinations of genes.
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Homozygous
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true breeding or identical alleles, either recessive or dominant. (XX, or xx)
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Heterozygous
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2 different alleles.
(Xx) |
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Phenotype
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noticable traits in an organism.
Eg. purple flowers. |
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Genotype
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genetic make up.
Eg. Xx, XX, xx |
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Testcross
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breeding recessive homozygote with dominant phenotype to find genotype of other plant.
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Law of Independant Assortment
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each pair of alleles segregates independantly of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
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Monohybrids
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heterozygous for one character.
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Dihybrids
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heterozygous for both characters.
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Complete dominance
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only one allele shows in phenotype.
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codominance
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both alleles affect phenotype in seperate ways
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incomplete dominance
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phenotype between two alleles shared equally as in with pink flowers.
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Pleitropy
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genes with multiple phenotypic effects.
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epistasis
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one allele at locus alters phenotypic expression of allele at other locus.
Eg. mouse color and pigmint distribution (a mouse is brown or black, only if the gene for pigmint distribution is given) |
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Quantitative Characters
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characteristics vary rather than either or.
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polygenetic inheritance
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2 or more genes to one phenotypic character.
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norm of reaction
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range of phenotypic possibilities.
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multifactoral
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many factors, genetic and enviromental, influence phenotype.
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pedigree
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big family tree
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carriers
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those with recessive disorder not shown in phenotype.
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Dominant Disorders
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Anchondroplasioa - dwarfism
Hunnington's disease (degenerative nervous system - not prevalent until older) |
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Amniocentesis
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a form of testing babies for diseases by taking a sample of the embryotic fluid from the uterus and testing it for diseases.
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
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a form of testing babies for diseases by taking a piece of the placenta and testing the tissues.
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Consaguineous
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"same blood".
what happens when close relatives mate, it makes it more likely for recessive dangerous traits to be passed on. |
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mendelian principles of inheritance
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predict offspring traits in meiosis through the formation of gametes and how genes are passed to next generation.
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gregor mendel
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Austrian monk in 1857 who used pea plants to determine genetics.
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Pisum Satria
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pea plants (scientific)
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seed color/shape
height flour position/color pod shape/color |
traits tested in mendel's experiments.
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gene
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trait
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allele
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form of gene
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Law of Dominance
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Recessive genotype = recessive phenotype
Dominant Genotype = Dominant genotype. |
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Law of Segregation (altered after mendel)
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CHROMOSOMES seperate during gamete formation
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phenotypic ratio
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homany dominant phenotypes to how many recessive phenotypes.
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genotypic ratio
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homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous recessive
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8.3 X 10^5
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human possible chromosomes for parents gametes. 70 billion cominations possible for zygote.
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2^N
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number of poles to the power of the haploid number. number of combinations possible.
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syngamy
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fusion of gametes.
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Law of Independant Assortment
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every CHROMOSOME (originally allele, but later changed) seperates independantly.
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