Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A question about why a behavior occurs relates to |
ultimate causation |
|
A(n) ___ is shaped by experiences |
learned behavior |
|
If an animal's experience during development does not influence a response, the response is most likely a(n) |
innate behavior |
|
A fixed action pattern is an example of |
innate behavior |
|
A(n) _____ can vary widely within a species |
learned behavior |
|
A scientist who questions the evolutionary history that a given behavior relates to is investigating its |
ultimate causation |
|
An action that is observed in embryos is a(n) |
innate behavior |
|
A scientist examining the mechanism of a particular behavior is studying |
proximate causation |
|
A hawk raised by humans will not mate with another hawk |
imprinting |
|
Geese follow the first moving stimulus they see after hatching |
imprinting |
|
An octopus can navigate in a new tank after a 24-hour learning period |
spatial learning |
|
Grey squirrels can relocate buried food |
spatial learning |
|
A rat can navigate a maze by using landmarks |
spatial learning |
|
A dolphin associates the sound of a clicker with a food reward |
conditioning |
|
A pigeon is trained to push a lever for a food reward |
conditioning |
|
A chimpanzee teaches sign language to another chimpanzee |
cognition |
|
Capuchins can modify a stick to obtain candy |
cognition |
|
A captive orca discovers how to use fish to lure seagulls |
cognition |
|
Moth attracted to light |
photaxis |
|
Bats that hunt by following the echoes from flying insects |
echolocation |
|
True or false? The North Star is used by migratory bids to perform compass orientation, which is movement oriented in a specific direction |
true |
|
An unlearned behavior directly linked to a stimulus that is carried to completion once initiated and is essentially unchangeable is |
a fixed action pattern |
|
What types of sensory inputs does animal communication involve? |
auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory |
|
A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called |
imprinting |
|
You observe a large black bird with a shiny black crest engaging in courtship behavior with a little brown bird. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that this is an example of _____. |
polygamy |
|
A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?
a. Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females.
b. Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.
c. The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat.
d. When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated
e. The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.
|
a |
|
The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by |
evolution |
|
The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that |
genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. |
|
A salmon returns to its home stream to spawn. What term best applies to this behavior? |
imprinting |
|
Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the following question. |
e |
|
You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is |
polygamous |
|
The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is |
polyandry |
|
Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?
a. An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness.
b. Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.
c. Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection.
d. If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection.
e. All of the statements are correct. |
b |
|
How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?
a. Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. b. The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruists risky behavior. c. By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. d. Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. e. All of the options are correct. |
c |
|
According to Hamilton’s rule, __________.
a. natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist b. altruism is always reciprocal c. natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling d. natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist e. the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals |
a |
|
the study of behavior from an ecological perspective |
behavioral ecology |
|
The instinctive or learned actions that an organism takes in response to internal and external stimuli. |
behavior |
|
A limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place. |
sensitive period |
|
odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species |
pheromones |
|
a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information |
habituation |
|
Modification of behavior based on expeience of the spatial structure of the environment |
spatial learning |
|
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
cognitive map |
|
the ability of animals to associate one feature of the environment with another |
associative conditioning |
|
conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex |
classical conditioning |
|
conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response |
operant conditioning |
|
the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning |
cognition |
|
a mating relationship wherein each individual mates with multiple other individuals, and forms no exclusive pair bond |
promiscuous |
|
a mating relationship wherein one male and one female mate only with each other |
monogamous |
|
A type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other. |
polygamous |
|
one male with many females |
polygyny |
|
one female with many males |
polyandry |
|
A type of behavior involving a non-lethal contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates |
agonistic behavior |
|
The theory that studies decision making in situations in which one player anticipates the reactions of other players to its own actions. Firms are mutually interdendent. |
game theory |
|
The sum of an individuals own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others. |
inclusive fitness |
|
A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals; i.e. an individual's alleles may benefit more from that individual sacrificing itself for its kin than by selfishly saving itself |
kin selection |
|
Altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals, whereby the current altruistic individual benefits in the future when the current beneficiary reciprocates. |
reciprocal altruism |
|
form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others |
social learning |