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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tribe Hominini
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Hominins
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Synapormorphies of our lineage?
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Bipedalism (lots in here) Apical wear of canines. Early members had thick enamel and large teeth
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First skull found that may be part of hominin??? And where?? When?
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Found in Sahel, Chad 6-7 MYA |
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Whats the big deal with Sahelanthropus??
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Apical wear on canines, small
Oldest fossil found for hominins Nicknamed Toumai and had a flatter face than chimps May have had human like head posture - Foragen magmum more forward |
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Orrorin Tugenensis
From where? |
Kenya
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Orrorin Tugenensis
What kinds of arms and hands, what size canine and thigh? |
Arboreal arms and hands, large canines
BUT Bipedally adapted thigh (Femur neck) weight bearing Thick enamel (human like) other aspects of teeth primitive AND 6 MYA |
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Ardipithecus came from where and when?
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Ethiopia 5.8-4.4 MYA
By Tim White |
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What's so cool about Ardipithecus?
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Slightly more human canine, but mixed primitive dentition. Short base of skill may imply it was helf like biped. And had a wider ilium
Dorsally canted toe, implies bipedalism and an abducted hallux |
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What kinds of habitats are Australopithecines found in???
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Savanna!
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What does ardipithecus say about hominid evolution??
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They were found in forested habitats, which means that the first steps of hominid evolution occured in forests
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So what's good about bipedalism
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It may have been an efficent way for a hominoid to respoond to forest fragmentation
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Australopithecus Anamensis
When? Where? |
3.9-4.2 MYA
Found by Meave Leakey and Kamoya Kimeau at Allia Bay and Kanapoi May have extended it's range all the way to ethipia |
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What's so cool about Australopithecus??
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Bipedal for sure!
Knee and ankle are specialized for bipedality Forms a Bicondylar angel And the Bateral Condyle is larger And the elbow doesn't have the deep olecranon fossa with a steep lateral wall like earlier hominins |
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What is the angle called that the knees have for bipedalism?
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Bicondylar
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So was Australopithecus still primitive??
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Enormous canine root - protruding muzzle (prognathic) and parallel posterior tooth rows
BUT Biped and thick molar enamel and widened molars Can eat tougher food |
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Many believe that A.
anamensis is directly ancestral to |
A.
afarensis, perhaps even the same chronospecies |
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Australopithecus Afarensis
When? Where? |
Found in Hadar and FOOTPRINTS in Laetoli
3.6-3.0 MYA |
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Who mainly found A Afarensis?
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Louis and Mary Leakey
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What's special about Afarensis?
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Bipedial knee - LUCY
540 cc Cranial capacity - Chimp cranial |
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Australopithecus
bahrelghazali |
May fit in with Afarensis. Found in chad
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What kind of teeth did Afarensis have??
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Intermediate
Square form of the first molar Post-Canine Megadontia Central Incisors larger than lateral incisors (primitive) Diastema Both types of wear on canine Variable - One cusp on P3 - bicuspid in humans Parallel teeth rows |
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Skull of Afarensis??
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Shallow TMJ
Weak mandibular eminence Unflexed Primitive! Sagittal crest with peak at back of skull Prognathism 438 cc |
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Afarensis body?
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Lower pelvic girdle and broader
Longer femoral necks - stronger butt muscles Smaller birth Canals Bipedal knees Convergent big toe and high arch |
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Australopithecus Africanus
When, where??? |
3-2.4 MYA From Taung
Examined by Raymond Dart |
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Who brought down Piltdown man?
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Broom - Found A Africanus
Found lostsa fossils in Sterkfontein and stone tools, but wrong strata |
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What's cool about Africanus??
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No Diastema
Parabolic Teeth Less Projecting Canine with apical wear Lower P3 has strong metaconid and not obliquely oriented Post-cranial megadontia Deep Mandibular Fossa Strong flexion of cranial base More forward attachment of temporalis muscle 452 cc Sexual dimorphism |
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Africanus' teeth were specialized for....
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Heavy Chewing
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A. africanus is
on the lineage leading to Homo, and may also be ancestral to another lineage of hominin, |
Paranthropus
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Single Species Hypothesis
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Up until 1970’s most
paleoanthropologists believed that there was only one species of hominin living at any given time and place • Competitive Exclusion |
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confidently
identify the existence of multiple hominin species at the same time beginning at about |
3.5 mya in
East Africa. |
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What three species overlaped in time and space in East Africa??
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A Afarenis, A bahrelghzali, Keynanthropus Platyops
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Kenyanthropus platyops
When?? Where?? |
3.5-3.3 MYA
Lake Turkana |
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Kenyanthropus Platyops key traits
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Primitive: Indistinct mandibular eminence and shallow TMJ
Smaller cheek teeth! Reduced prognathism |
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Kenyanthropus may share a clade with
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H. Rudolfensis
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Australopithecuc Garhi
When?? When What's special? |
2.5 MYA
Ethiopia Looks like afarensis but with enormous cheek teeth |
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A. Garhi traits
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Megadontia
Prognathic 450 cc Human-like limb proportions |
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2.5 MYA in East and South Africa were the
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Robust Australopithecines
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Medadontia Complex
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Massive faces and jaws with molarized premolars
Heavy Alveolar bone Robust Mandibles Big Molars Sagittal crest for temporalis muscle attachment Huge Temporal fossa |
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Australopithecus Aethiopicus
When, When? |
2.7-2.3 MYA from Ethiopia and Kenya
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Australopithecus Aethiopicus
Main feature |
Primitive looking megadont
Has a big muzzle, flat skull base, shallow TMJ and small brain Huge teeth, jaws and chewing muscles |
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Paranthropus Boisei
when, where? |
2.3-1.4 MYA Kenya
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Features of Paranthrpus Boisei
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Megadontia
Brain expansion, Decreased Prognathism, increased cranial base flexion, deeper jaw joint, more human-like hands |
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Where were a lot of Paranthropus Boisei fossils found?
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Swartkrans
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Synapomorphies with P Robustus and Homo relative to earlier
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Brain expansion, decreased prognathism, increased cranial base flexion, Deep TMJ, more human-like hands
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Aethiopicus is more related to....
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A. Afarensis than the other robust
Primitive |
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Evolutionary tree..
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Ape --> Afarnsis --> Aethropicus --> Africanus --> Para robustus and Boisei --> Homo
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Mary Leakey discovered...
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Zinj at Olduvai
super-megadont hominid later called Paranthropus boisei |
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Jonathan Leakey found
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Johnny's child at Olduvai
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Johnny's child
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Homo habilis
Stone tools Large brain smaller teeth |
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Homo Habilis
When where?? |
2.4-1.6 MYA
Olduvai and Lake Turkana |
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Derived features of Homo Habilis
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Increased cranial capacity, Decreased prognathim, Deeper TMJ, Flexed skull base, smaller teeth and enamel, less robust jaws and faces, parabolic dental arcade, and tools
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Mary Leakey called the
tools associated with H. habilis the |
Oldowan
Industrial Complex |
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Primitive features of homo habilis
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Only 3'3
Large forelimbs and short femoral shaft |
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Hominid Gang” led by
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Kamoya Kimeau at koobi fora
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Homo
rudolfensis When?? Where? |
1.8-2.5 MYA at Lake Turkana
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Differences between homo rudolfensis and homo halibis
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Homo habilis was smaller and had facial features more like later homos but a primitive body
and homo rudolfensis weighted more, had a bigger brain, and more human like body with long legs Homo habilis is small and has relativity long arms and small thighs |
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Smaller teeth start with.....
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homo
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Significant Bigger brains start with...
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homo
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Megadontia Quotient =
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Actual cheek tooth size/predicted cheek tooth size
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Encephalization Quotient
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Ratio of actual brain weight to brain weight predicted from scaled body weight .. usually .76
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Problem with big brains
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Energetically expensive
Parturition is dangerous Parental investment is enormous |
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Homo Ergaster
When where?? |
Africa, 1.8-.6 MYA
Lake Turkana |
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Homo Ergaster
Features |
Big Brain
Less prognathism smaller postcanine teeth and jaw Maxillary premoalrs with only one root SUPER tall compared to others |
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Body parts homo ergaster shared with homo sapiens
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Proportionally longer legs, barrel shaped ribcage, larger vertebral joint surfaces, possibly a narrower pelvis
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differences between H.
ergaster and H. sapiens |
– Small sacrum in cross-section
– Smaller spinal column in the neck region Longer femoral neck Thicker femoral cortex • Indicates a robust, active hominid; seen in all archaic species of Homo |
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Homo sexual dimorphism??
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nope!
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