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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anthropological Linguistics
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the anthropological study of languages in social and cultural contexts
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Anthropology
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the scientific and humanistic study of humans
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Applied Anthropology
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the branch of anthropology that concerns itself with applying anthropological knowledge to achieve practical goals, usually in the service of an agency outside the traditional academic setting
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Archaeology
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Uses material remains to reconstruct the daily life and customs of humans, trace cultural changes, and provide explanations for those changes
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Biological Anthropology
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answers questions about human evolution and biological variation
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Cross-cultural Researcher
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an ethnologist who uses ethnographic data about many societies to test possible explanations of cultural variation to discover general patterns about cultural traits; what is universal, variable, why traits vary, and the consequences of variability
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Cultural Anthropology
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concerned with patterns of thought and behavior and with how these patterns differ in contemporary societies
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Descriptive Linguistics
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the study of how languages are constructed
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Ethnographer
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a person who spends time living with, interviewing, and observing a group of people to describe their customs
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Ethnography
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a description of a society's customary behaviors and ideas
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Ethnohistorian
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an ethnologist who uses historical documents to study how a particular culture has changed over time
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Ethnology
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the study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar
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Fossils
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the hardened remains or impressions of plants and animals that lived in the past
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Historical Archaeology
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a specialty within archaeology that studies the material remains of recent peoples who left written records
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Historical Linguistics
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the study of how languages change over time
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Holistic
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refers to an approach that studies many aspects of a multifacted system
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Homo Sapiens
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all living people belong to this biological species, which means all humans can successfully interbreed; may have emerged around 200,000 years ago
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Human Paleontology
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the study of the emergence of humans and their later physical evolution; paleoanthropology
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Human Variation
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the study of how and why contemporary human poplations vary biologically
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Prehistory
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Before written records
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Primate
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member of the mammalian order primates, divided into the two suborders of prosimians and anthropoids
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Primatologists
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people who study primates
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Sociolinguistics
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the study of cultural and subcultural patterns of speaking in different social contexts
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Acculturations
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cultural change from continuous first hand contact
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Adaptive Customs
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cultural traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment
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Cultural Relativism
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the attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be viewed within the contexts of that society's problems and opportunities
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Culture
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the set of learned behaviors and ideas (including beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals) that are characteristic of a particular society of population
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Diffusion
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the borrowing of traits between cultures; direct (firsthand contact), indirect (middle man), or stimulus (using ideas of other cultures and applying them in similar ways to own culture)
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Ethnocentric
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refers to judgment of other cultures solely in terms of one's own culture
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Ethnocentrism
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the tendency to apply one's own cultural values and norms in judging the behavior and beliefs of others
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Ethnogenesis
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the process of creation of a new culture
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Globalization
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massive flow of goods, people, information, and capital around the world
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Maladaptive Customs
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cultural traits that diminish the chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment
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Norms
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standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior
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Revolution
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a usually violent replacement of a society's rulers
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Society
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a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighboring peoples; do not necessarily correspond to nations
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Subculture
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the shared customs of a subgroup within a society
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Explanation
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answer to a 'why' question; the two types of explanations are associations and theories
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Falsification
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showing that a theory seems to be wrong by finding that implications or predictions derivable from it ware not consistent with objectively collected data; to lie or not truthfully record data
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Fieldwork
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firsthand experience with the people being studied and the usual means by which anthropological information is obtained; usually involved participant-observation for an extended period of time
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Hypotheses
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educated guess
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Laws
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associations or relationships that almost all scientists accept
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Measure
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to describe how something compares with other things on some scale of variation
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Operational Definition
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a description of the procedure that is followed in measuring a variable
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Participant-observation
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living among the people being studied; observing, questioning, and taking part in important group events
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Probability Value
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the likelihood that an observed result could have happened by chance
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Sampling Universe
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the list of cases to be sampled from
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Statistical Association
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a relationship or correlation between two or more variables that is unlikely to be due to chance
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Statistically Significant
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refers to a result that would occur very rarely by chance; the result would occur fewer than 5/100
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Theoretical Construct
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something that cannot be observed or verified directly
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Theories
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explanations of associations or laws
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Variables
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a thing or quantity that varies
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Code-switching
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using more than one language in one conversatioon
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Kinesics
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the study of communication by nonvocal means, including posture, mannerisms, body movement, facial expressions, signs, and gestures
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Lexicon
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dictionary of all morpheme in a language and their meanings
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Morph
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smallest unit of language that has meaning
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Morpheme
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one or more morphs with the same meaning (in/un as a prefix)
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Phone
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every sound we are capable of making; most elementary part of speech
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Phoneme
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sound or sets of sounds that make a difference in the meaning of a language
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Syntax
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Arrangement and order of words in phases and sentences
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Foraging/Hunting and Gathering
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obtains wild plant and animal resources through hunting, gathering, scavenging, or fishing
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Horticulture
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growing crops with simple tools and methods without permanently cultivated fields
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Pastoralism
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dependence on domesticated herds of animals that feel on natural pastures
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Agriculture
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uses complex techniques that enable permanent field cultivation
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