Anthro Exam 1

Front 1

Franz Boas

Back 1

"Father of Anthro"

Created 4 subfields:

Archaeology, Cultural Ant, Biological Ant, Linguistics, Applied Ant

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Ethnology

Back 2

Interprets work of ethnography

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Rapport

Back 3

Personal connection

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Archaeological Field Methods

Back 4

Artifacts: object used by humans

Feature: non-movable object (wall)

Site: Place containing remains of human activities (artifacts/features)

Excavation: Determine exact horizontal and vertical location of artifact

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Effects of field work

Back 5

Wealth, Jealousy, Envy

Recognition, esteem

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IRB

Back 6

Institutional Review Board

prevents unethical research (Nazis)

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Female Circumcision

Back 7

Cultural: Circumcision marks adulthood. Full memebr of society. Fertility

Ethnocentric: Mutilations and denies sexuality. Human rights denied

Front 8

Primitive Culture

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Tylor

Culture is learned/acquired- not biological

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Integration

Back 9

If one persons culture changes, they all do

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Diffusion

Back 10

Borrowing traits between cultures

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Acculturation

Back 11

Prolonged direct contact results

Fusion: American melting pot ideology

Extinction: Yanamamo dying at a rate of 10% a year

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John Locke

Back 12

"An Empty Cabinet"

New born human is blank slate

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Enculturation

Back 13

Acquiring a particular Culture

Child learns culture

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Self-Awarness

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ABility to identify oneself as an object/react to self

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Rites of Passage

Back 15

Socialization happens during biological and social changes

Movement of importance in the world

Seperation, transition/liminality, incorporation

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Seperation

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Circumcised

Village meeting place

Pain shows adulthood

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Transition/Liminality

Back 17

Put into seclusion for 1 month

Shows they can provide for household

9 months later: Re-born

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Incorporation

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Presetent themselves at market to show potential to be a spouse

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 19

Language is shaping force to guide our way of thinking and behaving

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Longitudinal Research

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Long lasting research

Jane Goodall

Frank Hamilton Cushing

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Lowland Gorrila

Back 21

Extinct because of warfare and potching

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Primate Characteristics

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1. Limbs/Locamotion: Sitting, standing; 5 digits

2. Diet/Dentition and senses: Fruits, bugs, meat; Intelligence

3. Behavior: Fetal nourishment and care; Depend on learned behaviors

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Chimps/Gorillas

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Were pongidae

Now Hominid

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Hylobatidae

Back 24

Gibbons and Slamangs

Monogamous for life

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Pongidae

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Orangutans

Solitary (b/c loss of habitat)

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Hominidea

Back 26

Gorillas, Chimps,

Knuckle walkers

Bonobos

Female Centered

Human ancestor

Infant development and dependency increased

Front 27

Kayotype Comparison

Back 27

SImilar/ Different chormosomes

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Hominid Behavior Diet

Back 28

40-80% forging; Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas= Vegetarians

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Hominid Behavior Medication

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Leaves

Aspila: Antibacterial and antiviral properties

Swallowed not chewed

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Hominid Behavior Territory

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Many overlap

Chimps make boreders

GOrillas do not defend

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Hominid Behavior Aggresion

Back 31

CHimps throw rocks

Attack eachother in small groups

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Hominid Behavior Social Units

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CHimps: 50 members per groups

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Hominid Behavior Hierarchy

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Sex, Aggression, Intellegence

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Hominid Behavior Reproduction

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No fixed breeding season

Estrus: Females swell to show mating ready

Men have sex with as many people as possible

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Hominid Behavior Language

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Vocalization: Warnings, threats, defense and gathering

Kinesics: Analyzing posture, expressions and body motion to convey messages

Arbitrariness: Words/sounds have no connection to objects they represent

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Productivity

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Ability to create new expressions; humor

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Displacement

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Ability to speak of things that are not present

Front 38

Hominids

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Humans did not evolve from gorillas; Share and ancestor

Sahelanthrops, Ardipithecus, Australopithecines, Homo

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Great Chain Of Being

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God made hierarchy; Europeans were created first and evolved longer

Caused slavery

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Piltdown Hoax

Back 40

Homosapean skull wasn't real; cranial fragments and jaw from same deposite

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Relative Dating

Back 41

Assigning event, objective or fossil as being older or younger than another

Prehisoric vs. historic

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Chronometric Dating

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Assigning dates based on solar years, centuries and other units of time.

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Law of Supraposition

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Stratigraphic dating

The lowest rock layers have been there the longest and are probably the oldest

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Early Chronometric

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Radio-carbon

C14 decays @a constant rate or 1/2

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Later Chronometric

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Potassium Argon

Date volcanic ash and lava

Volcanoes leave only potassium and decays to argon

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Taung Child

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Raymond Dart

Austrapithecine;

Bipedal and

small brain

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Earliest Hominid

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Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

Ape size brain; might be bipedal

smaller teeth

Omnivore

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Ramidus

Back 48

Ground ape;

White, Gensuwa, Asfaw

omnivore

apossable big toe

Front 49

Lucy

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Austrapithecine Afarensis

Bipedal; Big toe normal with foot arch

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Australopithecus Garhi

Back 50

2.5 MYA;

Small brain;

omnivore- smaller teeth

Gracileds

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Taphonomy

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How fossils got there

C.K Brain: Actually prey not predators; fossils found in caves

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Australopithecus Habilis

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Oldowan

Large brain

omnivore

Gracile

homebody

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Oldowan Sites

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Stone tools only

Stone tools and bones of 1 animal: "Kill" or "Butchery" site

Tools and bones of many animals: "Living Site"

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Lewis Leakey

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Hunters

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Blumenshine, Binford, Shipman

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Scavengers

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Australopithecine Summary

Back 56

Woodland enviro

Vegetarian (Robust)

Omnivore (Gracile)

Scavengers

Stone tools

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Oldowan Tool use

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Garhi

Habilis

Locally Available

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Homo Ergaster

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Earliest appearance in East Africa (Turkana)

Thinner cranial bones

Vegetarian

Larger Brain

Family units

Acheulian

tall/lean

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Bergmans Rules

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Adaptation to tropical environments

Hot tropical environment means they need to be taller and thinner

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Acheuliam Tools

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Ergaster

Erectus

Long distance materials

Long Lasting

Cutting and scraping

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Ergaster Hunting

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Broken animal bones scattered indicated hunting

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Earliest Fire

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Kenya

Burnt tools

Phytoliths: Sand like bits produced by plants found ashes

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1st Migration

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Asia: Erectus

Eugene Dubois: Though Erectus were earliest people from Asia

1st Ever erectus found

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The "Movius Line"

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Boundary that separates Acheulian and East Asian Chopping Complex

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Asian Chopping Tool Complex

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Bamboo used for rope and traps

Chopping tools used to cut bamboo/wood to make other tools

local

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Zhoukoudien

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China: Erectus found

Medicinal cures- Anderson and Black

Lost bodies during WW2

EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF GATHERING AND FIRE

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Erectus Cannibalism

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People thought, but faces found with missing parts and eaten brains indicating attacks by hyenas

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Multi-Regional Model

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Theory that Erectus populations throughout the world evolved independently into anatomically modern humans thru gene flow

-Idea that every species from previous times mated together creating modern humans

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Replacement Theory

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African Eve

Variation found in AFrican populations indicates most change/oldness

-DNA comes directly from Africa indicating connection to modern Humans

Front 70

Archaic Homo Sapiens

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Larger brains

Brow-ridge

Indications of ability to speak

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Bodo

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Ethiopia

Defleshing/Scalping= Symbolic

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Neanderthals

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1st found Neader Valley

Boule= makes them seem dumb

Hunch because of arthritis

Short, stalky, strong= all to keep warm

Mousterian

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Mousterian Industry Tools

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Neanderthals

Local Materials

points, scrapers, handaxes

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Neanderthal Language

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Hyoid/Larynx= Ability to speak

Kebra cove

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Neanderthal Migration

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Hunted a mixed bag of species and depended on locally available fauna rather than following a specific species of animals

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Shanidar Cave

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Pollen found in grave indicated flowers over burial to show love and care

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Neanderthal Injuries

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Similar to bull rider = broken ribs/back/collar bone

Shows hunting technique of jumping on prey to attcak

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Isotopic Studies

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More varied diet by modern humans

Neanderthals

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Osteological Syudies

Back 79

Greater fine tune hand mobility by modern humans

Neanderthals

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Late Neanderthals

Back 80

SPain, UK, and other European nations

Evidence of speech

Caring for ill/dead

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Enthography

Back 81

Field work, describing, interviewing specific community

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Hoax

Back 82

Flourine Test

Human skull

Jaw didnt fit

Different time period

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Gibbons and Siamangs

Back 83

Fruit

Small

Hylobatidae

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Orangutans

Back 84

Pongidae

Fruit

Solitary

Front 85

Gorillas

Back 85

Hominidae

Knuckle walkers

groups

vegetarians

Front 86

Chimps

Back 86

Knuckle walkers

Hominidae

Large groups

Front 87

Bonobos

Back 87

Hominidae

Female center

small

Front 88

Homindoiea Characterisics

Back 88

larger

complex brain

infant dependance

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Early Australopithecines

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Ramidus

Anaensis

Afarensis

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Africanus

Back 90

Small teeth

omnivore

Front 91

Robust forms

Back 91

Large cheeks

large teeth

thick enamel

vegetarians

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Omnivores

Back 92

Small teeth

thin enemal

Front 93

Vegetarians

Back 93

Big molars

Thick enemal

Big jaw bones

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Bipedal before big brain

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bipedal before big brain

Front 95

2nd migration

Back 95

Homosaoians left africa