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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the advantages of using primates as analogies for our early ancestors over modern humans?
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-modern humans are to advanced
-common ancestors -primates have changed |
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If humans and living primates share a behavior, what does it tell us?
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-common ancestor
-part of our primate base |
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Name three characteristics that modern humans share with living primates
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-mother/infant bond
-intelligence -facial expressions -social behavior |
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Is social behavior characteristic of most primates?
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yes it is
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What important function does grooming play in primate groups?
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produces tension, social blue
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Is grooming an important behavior in modern humans and explain your answer?
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dont groom, but touch is important especially as basics
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Give an example of a non-human primate that had an innovation, and what was that innovation?
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Emo, washes off sand from food, tool use
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What can lemurs tell us about our earliest ancestors?
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mother/infant bond
Facial expressions social interactions |
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What makes the study of lemurs difficult?
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up high in trees, not easy to study
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Describe three ways that lemurs are like humans and three ways that they are different?
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SAME
-facial expression -mother/infant bond -social interaction DIFFERENT -hands are not similar -no food sharing -estrous cycle -no tool use |
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What three things did you learn about lemurs from the video "Lemurs with John Cleese"?
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-Big variation
-in danger of extinction due to habit destruction -facial expression |
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Why have baboons been studied as an analogy for our early ancestors?
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-Live in right environment
-eat right range of food -some hunting -savannah dwellers -large range of diet |
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What factors make baboons a less than ideal analogy for our early ancestors?
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-not closely related
-biologically different |
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Do female baboons have a high status and explain your answer?
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yes, they choose who they mate with
knowledgeable, affects offspring |
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Describe three ways that baboons are like humans and three ways that they are different?
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DIFFERENT
-not territorial -no foodsharing -estrous cycle SAME -mother/infant bond -social bond -facial expressions |
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What three things did you learn about baboons from the video "Baboon tales"?
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-takes a decade for young baboons to learn everything
-establish rank through mothers -females pass rank -very social |
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Are orangutan social creatures, and if so why are they not that way in the wild?
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yes, can not support groups. existence in wild is solitary. Dont invite an orangutan for dinner. Social by nature.
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What threatens the orangutan's survival, and what strategy is being used to save them?
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habitat destruction, halfway houses
careful stages of moving back into the wild |
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Describe three ways that orangutans are like humans and three ways that they are different?
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LIKE
-Mother/infant bond -Social by nature -curious DIFFERENT -estrous cycle -loco motion - |
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What major problem inhibits the study of orangutans in the wild and how were they overcome?
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live in forests, dangerous to move upon trees
solitary is difficult to observe in the wild overcome by following them, wearing neutral clothing, being patient and persistent |
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What major problems inhibited the study of gorillas in the wild and how were they overcome?
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Dont want to be around humans
live high up in mountains or African Forest Dangerous overcome by habituation and to pretend to be like them |
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What two things threatens the gorilla's survival?
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- poachers
- habitat destruction |
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What myth about the gorillas was destroyed by Diane Fossey's work?
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That they were blood thirsty killers and that they were savages
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Describe three ways that gorillas are like humans and three ways that they are different?
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LIKE
-mother/infant bond -facial expressions -Little tool use DIFFERENT -vegetarian -bipedalism -estrous cycle |
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What three things did you learn about gorillas from the gorilla video that we saw in class?
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1. they are shy
2. they are social 3. they are not killer beasts 4. they have harems |
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Describe three ways that chimps are like humans and three ways that they are different?
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LIKE
-tool use -mother/infant bond -social DIFFERENT -estrous cycle -walk on all fours -simplistic |
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Why are chimps considered the best analogy for our early ancestors?
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genetically they are similar to us
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Give two examples of chimp tool use
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-chews up leaves for sponges
-sticks to fish for termites |
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Do male chimps climb to the top of the dominance hierarchy by use of brute force alone? Explain your answer
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no, your mom and brothers help
you need friends to get to the top intelligence |
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Do chimps have culture? Explain your answer
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Yes, chimps in different areas have different innovations
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how do chimps communicate?
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panhoots, facial expressions, body language
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What three things did you learn about chimps from the video "People of the Forest"?
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-social outcasts
- warfare -Flint was a spoiled brat |
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how are Bonobo chimps different from the Common chimps and what is the implication of this difference for the study of our ancestors?
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Bonobo are more bi-pedal
Bonobo have no estrous cycle No fighting over women instead of grooming they have sex better model for human, we also dont have an estrous cycle |
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What three things did you learn about chimps from the video "The new chimpanzees"?
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-They are cannibals
-likes meat but doesnt digest it well -they are wild -organized hunting -alpha females |
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What does the skull and low skeleton of homo erectus tell us about how different parts of the body evolve at different rates?
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different parts of the body evolve at different rates
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Who first found homo erectus and where?
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Jane De Bouis at Java
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On what continents were homo erectus found?
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Africa, Asia, Europe
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What was the impact on the fossil record of the ancient and popular Chinese cure-all, dragon bones?
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No dragons, there are fossils though
Fossils are ground-up for a cure-all remedy/medicine |
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Why did the find of homo erectus not bring any joy to Dubois?
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because his peers did not believe him
people did not believe his finds |
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What clue led researchers to look towards China for the remains of our early ancestors?
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American scientist found a human tooth in grounded up dragon bones which suggested it was an Ancient human
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What does discovery and then disappearance of the Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?
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curious for our ancestor but war disallows us to discover, best and worst of human curiosity
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What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?
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1. tools
2. Fire 3. animal bones 4. fossil remains of our ancestors |
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What did the alternating strata at Choukoutien (Zhoukoudian) tell us about the occupancy of this cave site?
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lowest strata homo erectus
alternating between homo erectus and cave bears and by the top its primarily homo erectus |
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What are 4 pieces of evidence that were found at Terra Amata and what does it tell us about life during the time of homo erectus?
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1. postholes suggests structures
2. animal bones-tells us what they ate 3. tools 4. footprints- closest we have to homo erectus |
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how did Glynn Isaac initially interpret the sites of Olorgesailie and what was wrong with his interpretations?
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evidence of hunting site, it was a bend in the river and could just be a deposit
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Who initially excavated at the site of Torralba and what was his back ground in archeology?
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Marque de Saralbo Amateur archeologist
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how did F. Clark howell initially interpret the sites of Torralba and Ambrona, and what was wrong with his interpretations?
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tools are not associated with elephants, evidence doesnt support
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Was homo erectus a hunter or a scavenger and support your answer?
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Earlier were scavengers then evolved to hunters depends on the time period and location
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Is a hand ax an efficient hunting tool and support your answer?
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No. very small and too close
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how would the increase in brain size effect the ability of homo erectus to hunt or scavenge?
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larger crainial capacity, understand how animals behave. are able to adjust and change hunting behaviors
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What are the skeletal differences between homo habilis and homo erectus?
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bigger body and larger brain
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What three impacts does fire have on homo erectus?
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-cook meat
-warmth -protection from predators |
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What trait allowed homo erectus to migrate out of Africa?
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Body size
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Name three traits allowed homo erectus to migrate out of the tropics.
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1. Fire
2. better tools 3. better hunting abilities |
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What does the latest finds of homo erectus in Germany tell us about this species?
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Javelins, Wooden spears: more capable/better hunters
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how would you characterize the shift from homo erectus to Neanderthal?
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Slow gradual process
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how does Binford's views of Neanderthal life differ from the popular view painted by "Time-Life" books, and what evidence does Binford use to support his view?
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Binford view is separate families, very different, based on location of materials inside cave
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Did all the Neanderthals or Archaic homo sapiens live in the frozen north?
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No
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What effect did the early focus by Prehistorians on European Neanderthal have on our perception of Neanderthal?
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Slow and stupid
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What were the populations of Neanderthal in the Near East like?
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More variation, more hybrids
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how can you explain the difference between the Neanderthals of Western Europe and those of the middle east?
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Natural selection
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Why is it so important whether Neanderthal is called homo sapiens Neanderthalensis or homo neanderthalensis?
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homo sapian would be related to us, sub species vs. different species
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how are Neanderthals like modern homo sapiens and how are they different?
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culturally similar, biologically different
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What evidence of the similarity between Neanderthal and homo sapiens was found at Shanidar Cave?
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burial with flowers
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What allowed homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals in Europe?
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living longer, reproducing more
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What do the early dates of homo sapiens found in Africa tell us?
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evolved in Africa, and then moved out and left. fossil dates agree with the mitochondria data
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how does the archeological record and the DNA studies disagree in terms of the relationship between homo sapiens and heanderthal?
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DNA and archeological data in conflict, dont agree
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What are the problems that have been recently found in the mitochondrial DNA study?
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Sample size were small, mutation rate, math errors
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What does the latest extraction of DNA from Neanderthal bone tell us and not tell us about this species?
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They are separate species, does not tell us about Middle eastern population
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What are some of the possible reasons for the rapid changes that we see in the cultures of people during the Upper Paleolithic?
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Shifting from biological evolution to cultural evolution
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Does cave art represent an objective view of the ice age world, and why or why not?
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No, people and veggies, are missing. They choose what to portray
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Why does the cave art not just represent art like we have- posters on walls, paintings in museums?
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hidden in caves, not where people live
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What is the most likely way that paint was applied to the Upper Paleolithic cave walls?
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Spitting on walls
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What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Middle Paleolithic, with the appearance of Neanderthals, that shows us the first glimmer of Neanderthals' human-like qualities?
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1. burials
2. sophisticated tool use 3. ritual behavior 4. artwork |
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What three characteristics do we see for the first time in the Upper Paleolithic, with the appearance of homo sapiens that represent the first true appearance of humanity?
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1. complex tool technology
2. regional variations 3. explosion of art |