Anth 111: Chapter 2 - Culture And Diveristy

Front 1

Idealism

Back 1

The view that culture consists of ideas and beliefs.

Front 2

Behaviorism

Back 2

The view that culture consists of learned and shared patterns of behavior.

Front 3

Holism

Back 3

The view that culture consists of both behavior and beliefs and how they are interrelated.

Front 4

Microculture

Back 4

Distinct patterns of learned and shared behavior and ideas found in localized regions and among particular groups. Microcultures include ethnic groups, genders, and age categories. Also known as local culture.

Front 5

Macroculture

Back 5

Learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking that cross local boundaries, such as a sense of national culture that some governments seek to promote to enhance unity, or the global consumer culture that pervades upper-middle-class and upper-class groups transnationally.

Front 6

Three Views of Culture

Back 6

Idealism, Behaviorism, Holism

Front 7

Idealism view(1/3 Views of Culture)

Back 7

Also called symbolist and interpretivist, is that culture consists of learned and shared beliefs, thoughts, meanings, and symbols.

Front 8

Behaviorist view (2/3 Views of Culture)

Back 8

View that culture consists of learned and shared ways of behaving.

Front 9

Holistic view (3/3 Views of Culture)

Back 9

View that culture consists of learned and shared beliefs, meanings, and symbols as well as learned and shared ways of behaving. In reality, most anthropologists would agree that beliefs and behavior are both important and are interrelated aspects of culture.

Front 10

Three fields of general anthropology most directly concerned with the study of culture

Back 10

Archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology

Front 11

Processualism

Back 11

The theory of that environment and other material factors determine certain kinds of cultural change.

Front 12

Postmodernist archaeology or Postprocessual archaeology

Back 12

A perspective that rejects general theories of the human past and objective interpretations of sites and artifacts in favor of rich descriptions of particular cases and intuitive interpretation of evidence.

Front 13

Linguistic relativism

Back 13

The idea that all languages are equally valid and must be understood in their own terms.

Front 14

Structuralism

Back 14

An approach in cultural anthropology that emphasize the role of large, powerful structures in society (such as the economy, social and political organizations, and ideological systems) in shaping people's behavior and beliefs.

Front 15

Functionalism

Back 15

The view, established by Malinowski, that a culture is similar to a biological organism, with various parts supporting the operation of the whole.

Front 16

Cultural relativism

Back 16

The view that cultures must be understood in terms of their own values and beliefs and not judged by the standards of another culture; the assumption that no culture.

Front 17

Cultural particularism

Back 17

The view that each culture is unique and should be studied and described within its own historical context.

Front 18

Cultural materialism

Back 18

A technical approach to culture that emphasize the material aspects of life, such as the environmental context and how people make a living in particular environments.

Front 19

Interpretivism or interpretive anthropology

Back 19

A theoretical approach to culture that emphasizes what people think about, their explanations of their lives, and the meanings that are important to them. Also known as symbolic anthropology.

Front 20

Characteristics of Culture

Back 20

Culture is Learned, Adaptive, and is related to, though not same as, Nature.

Front 21

Culture is Related to, but Not the Same as, Nature

Back 21

Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Eliminating, Culture is Base on Symbols, Cultures Are Integrated

Front 22

Globalization

Back 22

A contemporary process of cultural change related to dense and rapid linkages of trade, communication, population movement, and other forms of international and transnational and transnational contact.

Front 23

Localization

Back 23

Cultural change that occurs when global changes are received and transformed through interaction with existing cultures.

Front 24

Ethnocentralism

Back 24

Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of the other culture, usually resulting in a negative view of the other culture.

Front 25

Absolute cultural relativism

Back 25

The view that no one has the right to question any cultural behavior or idea anywhere because it would be ethnocentric to do so.

Front 26

Critical cultural relativism

Back 26

The view that all cultures' practices and ideas should be examined in terms of who accepts them and why, and whom they might be harming or helping.

Front 27

Class

Back 27

A social category based on people's economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth and exhibited in lifestyle.

Front 28

Some bases of Microcultures

Back 28

-Class
-"Race," ethnicity, and indigeneity
-Gender and sexuality
-Age
-Institution

Front 29

"Race"

Back 29

A group of people defined in terms of selected biological traits, usually phenotypical features; now discredited as lacking scientific validity

Front 30

Ethnicity

Back 30

A sense of group affiliation based on a distinct heritage or worldview as "people"

Front 31

Indigenous peoples

Back 31

A group with a long-standing connection with a home territory that predates colonial or outside societies prevailing in the territory

Front 32

Gender

Back 32

Culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas associated with masculinity, femininity, or a "third," or blended, gender. Gender is contrasted to sex, which uses biological markers to define categories of male and female.

Front 33

Biological determinism

Back 33

A theory that says genes and hormones shape human culture

Front 34

Cultural constructionism

Back 34

A theory that says learning shapes culture.

Front 35

Agency

Back 35

The ability of an individual to make choices and exercise free will.

Front 36

Interpretivism

Back 36

Focuses on understanding culture by studying what people think about, their explanations of their lives, and the meanings that are important to them. Interpretivists largely have an idealist view of what culture is, and this view shapes their approach to studying culture.

Front 37

Cultural materialism

Back 37

Seeks to explain beliefs and behavior in terms of how they are related to questions of making a living and other "material" aspects of life.