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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nevali Cori: cult buildings
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-turkey
-cult buildings with domestic buildings on either side (room for storage) |
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Nevali Cori: figurines
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-head ancestor depicted in cult building ; depicted 3 times
-Statues present. site located next to limestone deposit -male figurines present; unusual bc of predominance of female figs during this time -shows community ritual -sedentary! |
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Gobekli Tepe: where and when
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larger site compared to Nevali cori!
- mountainous location -occupied from mesolithic to neolithic |
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Gobekli Tepe: structures
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-large circular structures, more monolithic structures
- T shaped structures -ornateley decorated, animals, geometric desigsn -vultures "sky burial"body eaten by birds and taken to heaven -giant man statue |
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Gobekli Tepe: carvings and symbolism
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- motifs' ; boars, vultures, ferocious predators, (neolithic symbols
-grinning cats significance: most are predators, thought to be guardians of protectors |
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Gobekli Tepe: siginficance
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1. no domestic structures, solely sacred site; was it religion that started social complexity?
2.no evidence for domestication of animals and plants; site shows a lot of social complexity for a NON SEDENTARY group 3. could be a central meeting place |
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Ain Ghazal: where and when
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Northwestern Jordan
-largest neolithic site -middle to late neolithic (before pottery) -rectangular rooms, domestic plants animals |
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Ain Ghazal: Megasite Phenomenon/ domestic architecture
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-transition from villages to towns
-2 story houses= extended families -more people available to do more chores -larger labor pool |
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Ain Ghazal: Burials
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2 types:
1.intramural subfloor- headless skeleton buried in the home 2. trash burial- no ceremony involved; not all diceased people are treated the same -plastering floors helps us tell time of occupation |
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Ain Ghazal: cattle figurines/ anthropomorphic figurines
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-lots of cattle figurines
-cattle was not fully domesticated, not very useful -"killed cattle"-sympathetic magic, like voodoo dolls -anth figurines- made out of twigs, dipped in clay |
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Ain Ghazal: What happens in the PPNC?
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-population decrease, all big and small sites disappear completely
-Climate: got worse, agriculture wasnt working -goats?:goats eat everything -social decrease: not knowing hot to cope with more social civilizations |
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pristine state
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first civilizations
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secondary states
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arose bc of contact b/w pristine states
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Environment of Pristine states/ differences
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-located next to rivers
-all early societies arise where agriculture is prominent -differences: mesoamerica; water doesn't seem to be quite as important |
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Characteristics of complexity
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urbanism
site hierarchy monumental architecture art burials writing rulers social stritification warfare specialization long distance trade |
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Urbanism
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-areas that are centers for political/ religiouis institutions, markets
-hinterland- periphery where everyone else lives |
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site hierarchies
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nested levels of power
-big cities, suburbs, farmville |
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monuments
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large scale building projects
-projects are magnanomou in scale and legacy -expression of power |
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art
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high art- distinct, recognizable, standardized enough to tell the difference bw different societies
-state purposes- decorate architecture, seen by rich people -use of propoganda, seen by everybody, not just state purposes |
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elaborate burials
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-difference in scale from neolithic
-indicates distinction b/w social classes |
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writing
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-to keep track of social happenings
-used for different purposes; economic transactions, kings, as an oracle, calendrics etc. |
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Rulers
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-one person ruling
-people who have left an impression on society -must be able to pass power on -religious, military, judicial power |
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social stratification
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-hierarchy
-achieved status: acheived by oneself -ascribed status: born into a class |
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Warfare
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-war with other civilizations to gain resources, labor
-citizens forced by the state to fight |
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Specialization
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-based on profession
-attached craftsman- works for the sate -independent craftsman- works mostly for themselves, minimal control |
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Long distance trade
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-trading raw material; copper, tin, metals, stones
-ex silk road, weigh stations for camels, uluburn- shipwreck found products from every trade path |
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Monocausal theories: Wittfogel, carneiro
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Wittfogel: hydraulic hypothesis (irrigation)
Carneiro-warfare (violence necessary) |
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Territorial state
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powerful central governement that controls territory
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City states
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every city is its own political identity
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Staple Finance
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agricultural products needed for survival
-simpler in smaller societies |
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wealth finance
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more given value, gold, money, jewles
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Mesopotamia: Geography
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Iraq
-located b/w Zagros and Taurus mountains -diverse environmental zones --north :lots of rainfall, rich in resources --south: essentially desert, resource poor, quite fertile when irrigated -Isohayat: irriagation zone, above the line get 250 mm of rainfall, below doesnt, cant do agriculture |
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Mesopotamia: Economy
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-Pastoralism- textiles from domestication of sheep (south esp)
-marshes- resource plenty |
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Mesopotamia: 6th Millenium, farming villages
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-chalcolithic: farming period
3 cultural phases: 1. Hussana 2. Samarra- Irrigation begins 3. Halaf |
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Mesopotamia: Ubaid
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-spread of cultural ideas
-standardized bricks, pottery -evidence for boats -occupation in near east -communal granary |
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Mesopotamia: Eridu, Ubaid
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-evidece for ritual cult
-sequence of temples --fish bones present (sacrifice) --worshiping a deity --direct continuity of traditions |
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Ziggurat
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-not a temple
-"house of the mountain" |
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Roles of temples in Mesopotamia
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-religious and economic institutions
-store houses, workshops -largest landowners, employers -redistributing wealth among city |
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Enki
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god in Summerian mythology
-patron god of the city Eridu |
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3 factors of emerging complexity
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1. temple
2. irrigation 3. economic exchange |
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Uruk: advancements
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-mass production of pots
-wheel -early writing -plow |
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Uruk: Eanna Precinct
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-from the godess Inanna. role of godess in new Years
-cone mozaic -earliest tablets |
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Uruk: Riemchengebaude
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-singular building filled with exotic valuable remains
-animal sacrifice? |
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Uruk: Anu Ziggurat
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-obviously a delegated job like the pyrimads
-many hours of labor |
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Uruk: White Temple
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-buttressed architecture
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Art in Uruk: Bevel rimmed bowls
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-same size volume
-standard unit of payment? -offerings for temple? |
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Uruk: Urbanism, why?
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1. climate change
2. immigration of people from the hinterlands |