Ans 205

Front 1

Endocrine System

Back 1

Made up of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones

Front 2

Exocrine

Back 2

Ducts --> mouth (EX: Salivary Glands), stomach

Front 3

Hormones

Back 3

Chemical Substances that're produced by ductless glands, released into the blood stream, and carried to other parts of the body where they produced a specific regulatory effect

Front 4

Routes of hormones

Back 4

paracrine, autocrine, neurocrine, epicrine

Front 5

Paracrine route

Back 5

hormones secreted into space in between cells and the interstitial fluid carries theme to the target organ (hormones often effect neighboring cells)

Front 6

Autocrine

Back 6

hormone produced by the cell regulates the activity of cell that produced it

Front 7

Neurocrine

Back 7

Hormones diffuse through synaptic cleft sim. to neurotransmitters, hypothalamus --> releasing hormones --> infundibulum --> pituitary gland

Front 8

Epicrine Route

Back 8

Hormone passes through gap junctions (btwn) cells and alters the function of adj. cells

Front 9

Types of hormones

Back 9

Peptide, Amines, Steroids

Front 10

Peptide Hormones

Back 10

Protein, stored in secretory granules by endocrine cells, receptors found in cell membrane- response is rapid and quickly reversed, 2ndary messengers- (adapter proteins --> enzymes (kinases)--> cellular effect) cellular components that bring about desired effects of hormone AFTER binding of hormone receptors

Front 11

Amines

Back 11

Mod. of tyrosine (T3 and T4), stored in secretory granules by endocrine cells

Front 12

Steroids

Back 12

Cholesterol, must be synthesized (not stored), receptors found in cytoplasm/nucleus- responses develop slowly but last longer, hormone binding-triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produced-->Increase in protein production brings about desired effect of hormone, Star Codon

Front 13

Erythropoiesis

Back 13

Formation of RBCs

Front 14

Blood % in body

Back 14

20% in lungs, 25% in kidney @ a current time

Front 15

signal tranduction

Back 15

cell- cell messenging

Front 16

Atypical hormones

Back 16

not secreted by endocrine glands, gastrin, secretin, erythropoietin

Front 17

Gastrin

Back 17

Wall of stomach, stimulates release of gastric juices from gastric glands for digestion to begin

Front 18

Secretein

Back 18

Wall of SI, stimulate secretion of intestinal/pancreatic juice to continue duodenum (last spit where we can digest) digestion

Front 19

Erythropoietin

Back 19

kidney, stimulates bone marrow

Front 20

Hormone Receptors

Back 20

Target organ, Receptors, up and down regulation (can either be lying in wait in cytoplasm in vesicles or by synthesized in the nucleus)

Front 21

Target Organ

Back 21

that tissue which is able to respond to a hormone, contains receptors specific to that hormone

Front 22

Receptors

Back 22

complex of protein structures designed to bind a hormone to elicit its cellular effects, usually found in the cell membrane or nucleus

Front 23

Upregulation

Back 23

Increased in HR

Front 24

Down Regulation

Back 24

Employment of enzymes to chop up HRs

Front 25

Trigger of upregulation or downregulation

Back 25

availability/unavailability of hormones

Front 26

Endocrine Organs/glands

Back 26

some organs may function to produce hormones, hypothalamus/pituitary gland/thyroid/parathyroid/and adrenal gland

Front 27

Hypothalamus

Back 27

"big boss", hormones: CRH, GnRH, TRH, GHRH, synthesizes oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone- stored and released by neurohypophysis, stimulates release of various hormones from adenohypophysis (ant. pituitary)

Front 28

Oxytocin

Back 28

Thins cervix, caused by contractions, also causes milk, involved w/smooth muscle contractions- uterus, myoepithelial cells in mammary glands

Front 29

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Back 29

Against diuresis, involved w/kidney function: H2O retention

Front 30

CRH

Back 30

released from hypothalamus --> ant. pituitary and releases ACTH --> adrenals and release corticosteroids from cortex of adrenals

Front 31

GnRH

Back 31

Stimulates FSH, LH release (adenohypophysis)

Front 32

GHRH

Back 32

Stimulates GH release (adenohypophysis)--> promotes growth in immature animals; metabolic effects on CHO, lipid, protein metabolism in adults

Front 33

TRH

Back 33

Stimulates TSH release (adenohypophysis) --> Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (follicular cells of thyroid gland)

Front 34

Pituitary Gland

Back 34

Contains hormones that gen. affect the function of many organs in a variety of systems, two histologically distinct tissues (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis)

Front 35

Ant. Lobe

Back 35

Adenohypophysis, epithelial tissue, ACTH/FSH/LS/GH/TSH/PRL

Front 36

Post. Lobe

Back 36

neurohypophysis- neural tissue, oxytocin and ADH

Front 37

ACTH

Back 37

adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal gland- most organs have receptors for corticosteroids, corticosteroids (from adrenal cortex) are gen. ass. w/stress responses and the flight or fight syndrome

Front 38

LH + FSH

Back 38

involved w/regulation of male and female reproductive process (have receptors)

FSH-release of ova --> fallopean tubes, leaves cumulus of cells --> corpus luteum (sustained for a bit bc of LH)

Front 39

GH

Back 39

Growth Hormones, most organs, tissues, and cells in the body can respond to GH, stimulates changes in target organs that support growth, mitosis, increased mobilization of nutrients, etc, either by hypertrophy or hyperplasia

Front 40

Thyroid Gland

Back 40

secretes: thyroid hormones and calcitonin, hypothyroidism- deficit on thyroid hormone, animals don't attain normal stature and have CNS abnormality, Chronic cold- some animals will increase T3 and T4 production to raise metabolic rate and heat the body, Hyperthyroidism- glands swell to produce more hormone

Front 41

Thyroid Hormone

Back 41

tyrosine based, contains I, T4 (thyroxine)- source of T3, more T4> T3, 20:1, T3 (triidothryonine)- increase BMR, almost all tissue have receptors

Front 42

Calcitonin

Back 42

Peptide hormone, which helps control Ca++ (acts to decrease blood Ca by inhibiting osteoclasts)

Front 43

Parathyroid Gland

Back 43

Most dom. animals have two pairs ass. w/the thyroid, secretes PTH (diets low in Ca will stimulate release), increase blood Ca and decrease blood P, stimulates release of Ca and P from bone- increase osteocytes and osteoclast, promotes for of Vit. D in kidneys

Front 44

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 44

increase Ca is removed from bone, leads to bone deformities and osteoporosis and rickets in young animals

Front 45

Adrenal Glands

Back 45

Adrenal cortex, and Adrenal medulla

Front 46

Adrenal Cortex

Back 46

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Front 47

Glucocorticoids

Back 47

"cortisol and derivatives" typically enhance the production (or conversion) of glucose

Front 48

Mineralocorticoids

Back 48

"Aldosterone" regulates Na+ and K+ lvls in the blood

Front 49

Adrenal Medulla

Back 49

Catecholamines

Front 50

Catecholamines

Back 50

"epinephrine and norepinephrine" have a variety of functions in diff. organs, but mostly prepares animals to "fight or flight"

Front 51

Pancreas

Back 51

Pancreatic islets- insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Front 52

Insulin

Back 52

Beta-cells

Front 53

Glucagon

Back 53

Alpha-cells, stored in liver

Front 54

Somatostatin

Back 54

slows mobilization and production of nutrients, insulin decreases blood glucose (glycogenesis), and glucagon increase blood glucose (glycogenolysis)

Front 55

Pineal Gland

Back 55

located dorsocaudally in diencephalon, cells (neuronal by lineage) are secretory, supported by neuroglia and receive axon input- pinealocytes, manufacture an enzyme that converts serotonin -->melatonin-hormone, regulates sleep-wake cycle- peaks during darkness

Front 56

Negative Feedback Regulation

Back 56

increase lvls of a hormone cause a biologic response to inhibit further release

Front 57

Positive Feedback Regulation

Back 57

seen less freq., hormones causes a biologic response that produces an increase in the release of hormone