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113 Cards in this Set
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Choanoflagellates |
Closest living relatives of animals based on morphology and molecular evidence |
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Eras of Evolution |
Neoproterozoic Era Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era |
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Neoproterozoic Era |
1Billion-542Million years ago First accepted fossils of animals |
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Era with first accepted fossils of animals |
Neoproterozoic Era |
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Paleozoic Era |
542Million - 251Million years ago Cambrian explosion First chordates and arthropods Vertebrates transitioned to land |
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Cambrian explosion |
Increase in animal phyla diversity |
What is it? |
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In what era the first chordates and arthropods appeared |
Paleozoic Era |
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What era had the Cambrian explosion |
Paleozoic Era |
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In what era vertebrates transitioned to land |
Paleozoic Era |
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Mesozoic Era |
251Million - 65.5Million years ago Dinosaurs and first mammals emerged |
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When dinosaurs and first mammals emerged |
Mesozoic Era |
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Cenozoic Era |
65.5Million years ago - present Large mammalian herbivores and predators emerged |
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What caused herbivore species and diversity to increase |
Change in plant species and diversity |
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Body plan |
A set of morphological and developmental traits |
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Types of symmetry & brief explanation |
Radial Symmetry: no clear planes
Bilateral Symmetry: clear planes |
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Cephalization |
Development of a head with sensory organs and nervous system |
Definition |
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Types of germ layers |
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm |
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Diploblastic animals |
Have ectoderm and endoderm germ layers Radial animals tend to be this |
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Triploblastic animals |
Contain ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm germ layers All bilateral animals are this |
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Coelom |
Space between digestive tract and outer body wall |
What is it? |
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Categorization of body cavities |
Coelomates Pseudocoelomates Acoelomates |
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Coelomate |
Has a "true" coelom derived from mesoderm
Ex. Phyla Molusca, Chordata |
What is it and give examples |
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Pseudocoelomate |
Has a "pseudocoelom" derived from mesoderm and endoderm
Ex. Nematode |
What is it and give example |
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Acoelomate |
No coelom
Ex. Flatworms |
What is it and give example |
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Paths of development |
Protostome development Deuterostome development |
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Differences in protostome development |
Cleavage Coelom formation Fate of blastopore |
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Cleavage in protostome development |
Spiral and determinate |
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Cells in protostome development |
Cell divisions offset
One cell cannot form a new embryo. It would die |
Cleavage |
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Cleavage in deuterostome development |
Radial and indeterminate |
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Cells in deuterostome development |
Cell divisions line up
One cell can form a new embryo with the right growth factors |
Cleavage |
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Coelom formation in protostome development |
Splitting of solid masses of mesoderm form the coelom Mesoderm is between coelom and archentron |
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Coelom formation in deuterostome development |
Mesoderm buds from archentron wall to form coelom |
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Fate of blastopore in protostome development |
Mouth develops from blastopore |
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Fate of blastopore in deuterostome development |
Anya develops from blastopore |
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary history of an organism based on morphological or molecular comparisons |
Definition |
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Clade |
A grouping that includes a common ancestors and all descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor |
What is it |
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Phylogenetic tree |
Hierarchy of clades nested within larger clades |
What is it? |
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Difference between protostomia clade in morphological and molecular phylogenetic tree |
In the molecular phylogenetic tree, protostomia is split into
Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa |
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Difference between bilateria clade in morphological and molecular phylogenetic tree |
Morphological: bilateria derives Deuterostomia clade Protostomia clade
Molecular: bilateria derives Acoela Deuterostomia clade Lophotrochozoa clade Ecdysozoa clade |
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All animals share |
A common ancestor |
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Sponges (phylum Porifera) are |
Basal animals |
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Basal animals |
Phylum Porifera Derived from original ancestor |
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Original ancestor |
Metazoa |
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Eumetazoa |
A clade of animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges) |
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True tissues |
Have cells with a defined function |
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Most animals belong to what clade |
Bilateria |
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Chordates belong to what clade |
Deuterostomia |
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Major clades of bilaterally symmetrical animals and example |
Deuterostomia (starfish) Lophotrochozoa (nereis worm) Ecdysozoa (nematode) |
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Ecdysozoa have |
Exoskeletons |
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Invertebrates |
Animals that do not develop a vertebral column 95% of known animal species |
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Annelids |
Segmented worms Are coelomates |
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Main groups of annelids |
Polychaetes Oligochaetes |
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Polychaetes |
Have parapodia Most are marine Nereis worms (eg. Clam and sand worms) |
Characteristics |
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Parapodia |
Paddle-like structures that have chaetae made of chitin |
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Chaetae |
Bristles made of chitin sitting on end of parapodia |
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Oligochaetes |
Do not have parapodia Sparse chaetae Are hermaphrodites |
Characteristics |
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Bodies of nematodes |
Do not have segmented bodies Covered by cuticle |
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Cuticle |
Flexible exoskeleton |
What is it |
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Characteristics of the insides of nematodes |
Has alimentary canal, bo circulatory system Pseudocoelom that transport nutrients |
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Phyla in clade Ecdysozoans |
Arthropods Nematodes |
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Chelicerae |
Claw-like feeding appendages |
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Characteristics of arachnids |
Total of 6 pairs of appendages 4 for walking 2 for feeding/sensory |
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Chelicera in spiders |
Defense for spiders |
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Pedipalp in spiders |
Sensory processing for spiders |
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Meaning of "Myriapod" |
Many-legs |
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Characteristics of Myriapods |
Terrestrial animals Head has 1 pair of antennae Head has 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts Lots of legs |
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Characteristics of Hexapods |
Complex organ systems Most can fly Undergo metamorphosis during development |
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Types of metamorphosis |
Incomplete Complete |
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Complete metamorphosis |
Had larval stage Ex. Butterfly, ladybugs |
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Incomplete metamorphosis |
Nymphs look like mini-versions of adults and molt several times until they reach adult size |
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External structure of arthropods |
Segmented Hard exoskeleton Joined appendages Cephalothorax |
What is their body like |
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Specialized appendages of Crustaceans |
2 pairs of antennae 3+ pairs of mouthparts Walking legs on thorax Abdomen appendages for movement and reproduction |
4 |
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Phyla in clade Deuterostomes |
Echinoderms Chordates |
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External physical properties of Echinoderms |
Marine animals Thin epidermis covers endodkeleton Regeneration |
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Endoskeleton |
Little bony plates covered by thin layer of skin |
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Internal characteristics of Echinoderms |
Coelomates Use water vascular system |
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Water vascular system |
Canals branch into tube feet and allow locomotion and feeding |
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Water vascular system internal pathway |
Madreporite (draws in water) Ring canal Radial canal Tube feet |
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Internal structure of arthropods |
Coelomates Well-developed sensory organs (eyes, olfactory receptors, antennae) |
What are they like on the inside |
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Classes of Arthropods |
Chelicerates Myriapods Hexapods Crustaceans |
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Examples of Chelicerates |
Spiders Scorpions Ticks Mites |
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Examples of Myriapods |
Centipedes Millipedes |
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Examples of Hexapods |
Insects |
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Examples of Crustaceans |
Crabs Crayfish Lobster Barnacles Shrimp |
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Characteristics of Chelicerates |
Have chelicerae Anterior cephalothorax Posterior abdomen No antennae Most are arachnids |
5 |
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Only example of arthropods with no antennae |
Chelicerates |
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Phyla in clade Ecdysozoans |
Arthropods Nematodes |
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Chelicerae |
Claw-like feeding appendages |
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Characteristics of arachnids |
Total of 6 pairs of appendages 4 for walking 2 for feeding/sensory |
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Chelicera in spiders |
Defense for spiders |
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Pedipalp in spiders |
Sensory processing for spiders |
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Meaning of "Myriapod" |
Many-legs |
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Characteristics of Myriapods |
Terrestrial animals Head has 1 pair of antennae Head has 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts Lots of legs |
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Characteristics of Hexapods |
Complex organ systems Most can fly Undergo metamorphosis during development |
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Types of metamorphosis |
Incomplete Complete |
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Complete metamorphosis |
Had larval stage Ex. Butterfly, ladybugs |
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Incomplete metamorphosis |
Nymphs look like mini-versions of adults and molt several times until they reach adult size |
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External structure of arthropods |
Segmented Hard exoskeleton Joined appendages Cephalothorax |
What is their body like |
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Specialized appendages of Crustaceans |
2 pairs of antennae 3+ pairs of mouthparts Walking legs on thorax Abdomen appendages for movement and reproduction |
4 |
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Phyla in clade Deuterostomes |
Echinoderms Chordates |
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External physical properties of Echinoderms |
Marine animals Thin epidermis covers endodkeleton Regeneration |
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Endoskeleton |
Little bony plates covered by thin layer of skin |
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Internal characteristics of Echinoderms |
Coelomates Use water vascular system |
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Water vascular system |
Canals branch into tube feet and allow locomotion and feeding |
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Water vascular system internal pathway |
Madreporite (draws in water) Ring canal Radial canal Tube feet |
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Internal structure of arthropods |
Coelomates Well-developed sensory organs (eyes, olfactory receptors, antennae) |
What are they like on the inside |
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Classes of Arthropods |
Chelicerates Myriapods Hexapods Crustaceans |
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Examples of Chelicerates |
Spiders Scorpions Ticks Mites |
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Examples of Myriapods |
Centipedes Millipedes |
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Examples of Hexapods |
Insects |
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Examples of Crustaceans |
Crabs Crayfish Lobster Barnacles Shrimp |
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Characteristics of Chelicerates |
Have chelicerae Anterior cephalothorax Posterior abdomen No antennae Most are arachnids |
5 |
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Only example of arthropods with no antennae |
Chelicerates |
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