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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 types of south american camelids?
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1) Llama
2) Alpaca 3) Guanaco 4) Vicuna |
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What are 4 species variations that should be considered when anesthetizing camelids?
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1) thick skin
-don't have distinct jugular groove 2) Close proximity of jugular v and carotid a. 3) Jugular venous valves -can hit when do jugular catheterization 4) Compartmentalized stomach carries risk of regurgitation and aspiration |
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What are 5 drugs that can be used to sedate camelids?
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1) Xylazine
2) Medetomidine 3) Detomidine 4) Butorphanol 5) Nalbuphine (opioid) -animals are still standing |
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What are 4 drugs used for restraining camelids?
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1) Xylazine/ Medetomidine
-animal won't be standing anymore 2) Romifidine 3) Xylazine/ketamine -simultaneously or 5-10 m apart 4) Xylazine/ butorphanol |
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What is Romifidine?
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Alpha-2 agonists
-recently released by Boehringer-Ingleheim for equine use |
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What is the ketamine "stun" (a neuroleptanalgesia)?
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Xylazine, ketamine, butorphanol given simultaneously - can give different amounts of each for different duration
-same drugs different amount than "BKX" |
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What is BKX?
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Neuroleptanalgesia
-Butorphanol -Xylazine -Ketamine ~used for restraint in camelids |
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Can telazol be used in camelids?
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Yes for restraint, up to 120 minutes duration IM
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What is different about the preanesthetic preparation of camelids compared to horses and ruminants?
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Use atropine or glycopyrrolate
-sedatives usually not required |
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What do you need to perform venous catheterization on a camelid?
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16-18 ga x 13 cm catheter
needle or scalpel |
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Why do we like to hit the jugular vein at the middle/ rostral 1/3 of the neck on a camelid?
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Lower has more transverse processes
Wing of atlas gets in the way up higher |
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What are 5 injectable drugs used for induction in camelids?
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1) Thiopental
2) Thiopental- guaifenesin 3) Ketamine -guaifenesin 4) Xylazine-ketamine 5) Propofol |
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What are 2 injectable anesthetics used for maintenance in camelids?
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1) Xylazine/ketamine/ guaifenesin
2) Propofol |
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What 4 things do you need to perform orotracheal intubation in camelids?
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1) Mouth speculum/ gauze loops
2) Gauze sponge 3) Sufficient depth of anesthesia 4) Laryngoscope |
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Why is nasotracheal intubation difficult in camelids?
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-Relatively narrow ventral meatus
-Avoid middle meatus -Avoid pharyngeal diverticulum |
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Why do we like to hit the jugular vein at the middle/ rostral 1/3 of the neck on a camelid?
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Lower has more transverse processes
Wing of atlas gets in the way up higher |
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What are 5 injectable drugs used for induction in camelids?
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1) Thiopental
2) Thiopental- guaifenesin 3) Ketamine -guaifenesin 4) Xylazine-ketamine 5) Propofol |
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What are 2 injectable anesthetics used for maintenance in camelids?
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1) Xylazine/ketamine/ guaifenesin
2) Propofol |
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What 4 things do you need to perform orotracheal intubation in camelids?
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1) Mouth speculum/ gauze loops
2) Gauze sponge 3) Sufficient depth of anesthesia 4) Laryngoscope |
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Why is nasotracheal intubation difficult in camelids?
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-Relatively narrow ventral meatus
-Avoid middle meatus -Avoid pharyngeal diverticulum |
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Compare the size of the tube used for nasotracheal intubation compared to orotracheal intubation in camelids.
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Usually use one size smaller for nasotracheal intubation
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Should you be concerned if a camelid gets epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation?
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No, its common
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How should you direct the well lubricated tube when performing nasotracheal intubation in a camelid?
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Medially and ventrally
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Explain the process of performing nasotracheal intubation in a camelid.
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Laryngoscopy
Insert prebent stylet into tube Extend head and neck Visualize larynx Use dorsal pressure on tube to direct tube tip ventrally Advance tube caudally into larynx thread tube off stylet |
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What are 5 ways to confirm intubation of a camelid?
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1) Evacuated bulb
2) Exchange of gas 3) Steaming/ clearing of tube 4) Synchronous movement of chest & rebreathing bag 5) Presence of CO2 in expired gas |
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Explain how to use an evacuating bulb to confirm intubation.
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Squeeze ball down to nothing then connect to E/t tube and if its in the esophagus the bulb won't expand bc mucosa gets sucked in there
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What are the 5 parameters that are monitored to monitor the cardiovascular system in camelids?
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1) Heart rate
2) Pulse pressure 3) Perfusion time 4) Color of mucous membrane 5) Blood pressure |
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What are 4 arteries that can be used to measure the pulse in camelids?
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1) Caudal auricular
2) Common digital 3) Radial 4) Saphenous |
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What is the normal mean blood pressure of camelids?
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75-90 mmHg
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What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult camelid? Juveniles?
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10-25 breaths/min-adults
20-30 breaths/min-juveniles |
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What are the 3 ways to monitor the respiratory system of a camelid?
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1) Respiratory rate
2) Capnography 3) Blood gas analysis |
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What are 3 ways to monitor the CNS of a camelid under anesthesia?
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1) Ocular reflexes
2) Response to pain 3) anesthetic agent analysis |
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What are 3 things to consider when positioning a camelid for anesthesia?
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1) Flat padded surface
2) Down forelimb extended 3) Protect dependent eye |
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What type of fluids are administered to a camelid under aensthesia?
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LRS or Normosol-R, saline, Na bicarb as needed to manage-acid /base balance
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What are 3 drugs used for cardiovascular support in camelids?
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1) Dobutamine
2) Calcium gluconate 3) Ephedrine |
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What are 3 components to reassuring good recovery of a camelid from anesthesia?
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1) Maintain oral E/T tube as long as possible
2) Confirm gas exchange after extubation 3) Assistant should be available |
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What are 3 alpha-2 ANTAGONISTS used in camelids?
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1) Atipamezole
2) Tolazoline 3) Yohimbine |
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What are 4 ways that local anesthetics are administered to camelids?
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1) Infiltration
2) Peripheral nerve block 3) IV local anesthesia 4) Epidural anesthesia |
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Where do you administer an epidural anesthetic to camelids?
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Sacrocaudal injection
-max volume: 2mL / 150 kg |
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What are 6 agents that can be used for epidural anesthesia in camelids?
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1) Procaine
2) Mepivacaine 3) Lidocaine 4) Bupivacaine 5) Xylazine 6) Xylazine/ lidocaine |
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What are 4 agents used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) NSAIDs
2) Opioids 3) Ketamine 4) Lidocaine |
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What are 4 agents used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) NSAIDs
2) Opioids 3) Ketamine 4) Lidocaine |
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What are 3 NSAIDs used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) Flunixin
2) Ketoprofen 3) Phenylbutazone *Use lowest effective dose |
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What are 3 NSAIDs used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) Flunixin
2) Ketoprofen 3) Phenylbutazone *Use lowest effective dose |
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What are 6 opioids used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) Butorphanol
2) Morphine -epidurally q 12-24 h 3) Hydromorphone 4) Oxymorphone 5) Buprenorphine 6) Fentanyl |
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What are 6 opioids used for analgesia in camelids?
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1) Butorphanol
2) Morphine -epidurally q 12-24 h 3) Hydromorphone 4) Oxymorphone 5) Buprenorphine 6) Fentanyl |
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What are 2 ways to administer fentanyl to camelids?
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Infusion
Transdermal (not cheap) |
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What are 2 ways to administer fentanyl to camelids?
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Infusion
Transdermal (not cheap) |