Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Paleolithic
|
early civilization in china
near modern beijing, uncivilized |
|
Neolithic
|
between paleolithic and civilized periods
began domesticating animals, improving tools, and developed agriculture |
|
North China Plain
|
along yellow river
cradle of early chinese civilization |
|
Qinling Shandi
|
mountain range runs east-west, cuts throug hchina
seperates yellow and yangtze river valleys north, less rain = wheat south, more rain = rice divides agriculturally, unites culturally/economically through trade |
|
China Proper
|
heart of china, from coast to yellow and yangtze rivers
|
|
Huang He (Yellow River)
|
runs east-west, goes into yellow sea
long winter, short summer very fertile yellow soil supports crops floods often, deadly = China's Sorrow, forces farmers to build dikes and dams |
|
Loess
|
fertile yellow soil on banks of huang he
|
|
Silt
|
soil carried in rivers
|
|
Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
|
flows in central china
very deep, good for boats |
|
Xi Jiang (West River)
|
southern river, good for commercial transportation
|
|
Gobi Desert
|
makes china inacessible from west
|
|
Zhangguo
|
"middle kingdom," geographic isolation makes chinese culture unique and closed, believed education was important, china proper = center of universe
|
|
Dynastic Cycle
|
general pattern that all chinese dynasties follow
1.) founding (usually by war) 2.) peace, ecpansion, and power as leadership is inherited 3.) decline, overthrown |
|
Cultural Developement b/c of Geography
|
little inhabitable land, huge population necessitates laws to govern large group
rivers had to be controlled as a community focus is on group > individual |
|
Dynasty
|
family of rulers
|
|
First Imperial Age
|
Zhou + Qin + Han dynasties
|
|
Xia Dynasty
|
not enough proof of its existence, only legends
|
|
Shang Dynasty
|
first dynasty, existence proved by bronze vessels, which necessitate trade, metallurgy, and social classes
|
|
Oracle Bones
|
found dating back to shang dynasty
thrown into fire, cracks tell future, implies existence of religion/priests |
|
Zhou Dynasty
|
expanded trade w/ coper coin
had iron tools, canals and dikes no central gov't, territories ruled by different familites, each pledged $ and army to Zhou |
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
introduced by zhou dynasty, belief that gods determined the ruler
if ruler didn't satisfy gods, natural disasters would occur, rulers lost mandate, were overthrown |
|
King Yu
|
king that allegedly caused downfall of zhou dynasty, "cried wolf" so that the army didn't respond when he was really being invaded
|
|
Warring States
|
merged during feudal period, last years of zhou dynasty
lords fought each other for power greatest philosophies emerged during this time |
|
Qin Dynasty
|
defeated other warring states, took control
first to unite China under strong central gov't standardized weights, measures and $ conquered further south built great wall |
|
Shi Huangdi
|
"first emperor," ruled china w/ strict laws, famous for tyranny
founded qin dynasty |
|
Xi'an (Chang-an)
|
capital of china under qin dynasty
|
|
Code of Qin
|
implemented uniform laws during qin dynasty
uniform system of writing, national system of taxation |
|
Autocracy
|
way that qin dynasty ruled, emperor had complete control
suppressed scholars and thinkers who challenged him burned and censored many books forced manual labor, unpopular |
|
Liu Bang
|
founder of han dynasty
overthrew unpopular qin dynasty first ruler of the han dynasty |
|
Han Dynasty
|
ruled w/ strong central gov't, but not as harsh as qin
most influential dynasty, successful combination of new philosophies + Qin's harsheness |
|
Wu Di
|
longest ruler of han dynasty
conquered manchuria, korea, southeast asia, and west-central china instituted civil service system + leveling, led to pax sinica |
|
Civil Service System
|
gov't officials appointed based on examination system, only the educated could hold power
|
|
Leveling
|
gov't evens out effects of surplus/shortage years
|
|
Pax Sinica
|
"chinese peace"
trade flourished on silk rode pop. grew to 60 mil. paper was invented |
|
Silk Road
|
trade route from china to mediterranean, camels ecported silk, jade, etc. and imported wool, gold and silver
|
|
Xiongnu
|
"barbarians" in northern china, uneducated, conquered by wu di
|
|
Legalism
|
political philosophy of qin shi huangdi and han feizi
believed human nature is corrupt, gov't RULE OF LAW must be harsh to force them into behaving ≠ ideals of confucianism |
|
Buddhism in China
|
cult. diffusion results in mahayana
nirvana is changed to a more comforting afterlife than nothingness to appease the poor chinese gods become boddhisatvas reincarnation based only on karma dies out in india b/c ignored dharma heterododoxy appeals to chinese |
|
Buddhism in the Han Dynasty
|
hans used pacifist religion to discourage rebellion
comforting afterlife gives reassurance to soldiers, sacrifice |
|
Daoism in the Han Dynasty
|
rule by easiest path, don't use force or violence like the qin
|
|
Yin/Yang
|
female, dark, passive/male, bright, active
depend on one another, no extreme can last for too long, makes way for other extreme, BALANCE |
|
Daoism
|
disapproved of the unnatural, "go with the flow"
follow instincts "wei wu wei," do without doing, don't try to hard complements confucianism, like yin and yang |
|
Confucianism
|
accept one's role in society w/out ambition
promoted morality and pacifism in gov't, anti-machiavellian followed the 5 key social relationships improve wicked human nature through education, examination system |
|
Jen
|
confucian ideal of humanity, "do not do unto others..."
|
|
Te
|
confucian ideal of power in morals, likable reputation is valuable
believed in mandate of heaven |
|
Wen
|
believed that morality is admired above violence
"arts of peace" > war gave soft power, cultural influence, when china was conquered, conquerers copied the conwuered |
|
5 Confucian Family Relationships
|
in order of most to least important:
1.) father-son 2.) older sibling-younger sibling 3.) husband-wife 4.) ruler-subject 5.) friend-friend |
|
Kong Fuzi
|
aka Confucius
didn't focus on religion as much taught importance of family, respect for elders, and reverence for past/ancestors tried to achieve gov't stability by making people follow role in society, and making gov't more virtuous |
|
The Analects
|
confucius' students recorded his teachings in this book
|
|
Laozi
|
founder of daoism
second in influence to confucius |
|
Legalism in the Han Dynasty
|
strict laws, rewarded loyal nobles w/ tax exemption
gov't controls economy, expands silk road |
|
Confucianism in the Han Dynasty
|
examination system, mandate of heaven
respect hard-working farmers, staple of economy, look down on merchants |
|
The Five Classics
|
book of poetry
book of history book of devination spring and autumn annals (record of city-state Lu) Book of Rites (etiquette, rituals) |
|
Junks
|
small sailboats useful for travelling on yangtze and west river
|
|
Acupuncture
|
medical pain practice based on daoist ideal of chi, movement of life energy through body
insert needles to remove obstructions of flow |