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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are tissues?
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Groups of cells with similar structure and function
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What are the four primary types of tissue?
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epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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Where is epithelial tissue located?
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body coverings, body linings, glandular tissues
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what are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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protection, absorption, filtration, secretion
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simple cells
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one layer
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stratified cells
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more than one layer
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squamous cells
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flattened
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cuboidal cells
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cube-shaped
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columnar cells
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column-like
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simple squamous cells
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lines body cavities, lungs and capillaries
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where are simple cuboidal cells?
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in glands and their ducts, walls of kidney tubules, cover ovaries
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where are simple columnar cells?
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digestive tract
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what are psuedostratified columnar cells?
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a single layer of cells, some are shorter than others. sometimes looks like a double layer of cells
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where are psuedostratified cells?
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respiratory tract
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where are stratified squamous cells?
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where a protective covering is needed because of friction. Skin, mouth, esophagus
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where are stratified cuboidal and columnar cells found?
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Rare in human body, only in ducts of large glands
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what is transitional epithelium?
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the shape of cells depend on the amount of stretching.
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where are transitional epithelium located?
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line the organs and urinary system
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what is a gland?
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one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
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what are the two major gland types?
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endocrine & exocrine
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how do endocrine glands work?
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no ducts, secretions diffuse into blood vessels. all secretions are hormones
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ow do exocrine glands work?
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secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface. includes sweat and oil glands
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what are the functions of connective tissue?
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binds body tissues together, support the body, provide protection
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what is the only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine?
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pancreas
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extracellular matrix
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non-living material that surrounds living cells
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what makes up the cellular matrix?
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ground substance and fibers
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what is the ground substance of the extracellular matrix made up of?
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water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharide molecules
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what are the three types of fiber in extracellular matrix?
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collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular
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what is bone tissue composed of?
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bone cells in lacunae, hard matrix of calcium salts, collagen fibers
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what is the function of bone tissues?
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protection and support of the body
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what is the most common type of cartilage?
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hyaline
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what is hyaline cartilage composed of
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collagen fibers, rubbery matrix
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where is hyaline cartilage located
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larynx, fetal skeleton prior to birth
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where is elastic cartilage found?
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external ear
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where is fibrocartilage located?
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disks between vertabrae
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where is dense connective tissue located?
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tendons (attach muscle to bone), ligaments (attach bone to bone at joints), dermis (lower layers of the skin)
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what are the types of loose connective tissue?
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areolar, adipose, reticular
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what is the function of adipose tissue
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insulate body, protect organs, fuel storage
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where is reticular connective tissue located?
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lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
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what is another term for vascular tissue?
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blood
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what is the function of vascular tissue?
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transport vehicle for materials
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what is the function of muscle tissue
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produce movement and heat
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what are the three types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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what is the function of skeletal muscle?
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contracts to pull bones or skin, produces gross body movents
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what is the function of cardiac muscle?
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pump blood
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where are smooth muscle tissues?
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walls of hollow organs - uterus, stomach, blood vessels
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what is nervous tissue made of
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neurons and support cells
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what is the function of nervous tissue?
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irritability and conductivity
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what is regeneration
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replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
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fibrosis
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repair by dense connective tissue (scar tissue)
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what are the events in tissue repair?
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-capillaries become permeable and introduce clotting proteins
-a clot walls off the injured area -formation of granulation tissue, growth of new capillaries and fibers -regeneration of surface epithelium, scab detaches |
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what tissues regenerate easily?
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epithelial, fibrous
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what tissues degenerate poorly?
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skeletal
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what tissues are replaced by scar tissue?
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cardiac and nervous (within the brain and spinal cord)
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what membranes determine your blood type and often serve as receptors?
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glycoproteins
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these structures increase the surface area of the cell
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microvilli
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this organelle is responsible for cellular respiration and ATP formation
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mitochondria
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cytology is the study of
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cells
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the organelle involved in detoxifying the cell might be
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smooth and rough ER
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which of the following involves the use of ATP?
-diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis -active transport |
active transport
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In this stage of mitosis, chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell?
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anaphse
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what are the functions of the body membranes?
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cover body surfaces, line body cavities, form protective sheets around organs
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what are the types of epithelial membranes
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cutaneous, muscle, serous
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where are cutaneous membranes?
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skin
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where are mucous membranes?
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external layer of body cavities
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where are serous membranes?
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interior body cavities
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visceral layer
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covers outside of the organ
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parietal layer
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covers inside portion of cavity
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peritoneum
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abdominal cavity
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pleura
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around the lungs
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pericardium
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around the heart
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synovial membrane
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lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints, secretes lubrication
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what are the accessories to the skin?
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hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands
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epidermis
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outer layer of skin, contains stratified squamous epithelium
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dermis
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dense connective tissue
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subcutaneous tissue
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anchors skin to underlying organs
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is the subcutaneous part of the skin?
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no
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what is the subcutaneous layer made of?
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adipose tissue
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stratum basale
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composed of cells undergoing mitosis
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what is the stratum lucidum made of?
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dead cells from the deeper strata
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where is the stratum lucidum located?
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palms and soles of feet.
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stratum corneum
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outer layer of the epidermis
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how are the cells of stratum corneum layered?
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like shingles
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what are the layers of the skin (deep to superficial)
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stratum basale
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum (on hairless skin only) stratum corneum |
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what produces melanin?
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melanocytes
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where are melanocytes located?
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stratum basale
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what are the two layers of the dermis?
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papillary layer and reticular layer
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what are the projections of the papillary layer called?
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dermal papillae
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what do dermal papillae house?
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pain and touch receptors
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what is in the reticular layer?
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blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
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what do collagen fibers in the dermis structure do?
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give skin its toughness
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what do elastic fibers in the dermis structure do?
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give skin elasticity
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what do blood vessels in the dermis structure do?
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body temperature regulation
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Melanin
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yellow, brown or black pigments
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carotene
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orange-yellow pigment, from vegetables
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hemoglobin
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red coloring, oxygen determines extent or red coloring
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are cutaneous glands endocirine or exocrine glands?
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exocrine
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what are two examples of cutaneous glands
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sebaceous glands, sweat glands
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what do sebaceous glands do?
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produce oil
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what is the purpose of oil from the sebaceous glands?
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lubricate skin, prevents brittle hair, kills bacteria
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when are sebaceous glands activated?
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puberty
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what are the two types of sweat glands?
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eccrine, apocrine
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eccrine sweat glands
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open via duct to pore on skin surface
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apocrine sweat glands
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ducts empty into hair follicles
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what is sweat made of?
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water, salt, vitamin c, metabolic waste, fatty acids and proteins
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what are the functions of sweat glands
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gets rid of excess heat, excrete waste, inhibits bacteria growth
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what give hair it's color?
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melanocytes
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where is hair produced
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hair follicle
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what is hair made of?
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keratinized epithelial cells
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hair follicle
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dermal and epidermal sheath surround root
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arrector pili muscle
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made of smooth muscle, pulls hair upright when scared or cold
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what is responsible for nail growth
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stratum basale beneath nail bed
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body of nail
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the visible attached portion
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root of nail
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embedded in skin
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cuticle
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proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body
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athlete's foot
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caused by fugal infection
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boils and carbuncles
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caused by bacterial infection
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cold sores
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caused by virus
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contact dermatitis
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allergic reaction
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impetigo
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caused by bacterial infection
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psoriasis
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auto immune disease, triggered by trauma, infection or stress.
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types of burns
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heat, electricity, UV radiation, chemicals
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dangers of burns
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dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, circulatory shock
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1st degree burn
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only epidermis is damaged. skin is red and swollen
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2nd degree burns
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epidermis and dermis are damaged. skin is red with blisters
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3rd degree burn
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destroys entire skin layer, burn is gray-white or black
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critical burns
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over 25% of body is 2nd degree, 10% of body is third-degree, 3rd degree burns on face, hands, feet
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cancer
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abnormal cell mass
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benign cancer
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does not spread
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malignant
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moves to other parts of body
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what is the most common type of cancer?
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skin
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basal cell carcinoma
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most common type, comes from str. basale, 75% of cancers
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squamous cell carcinoma
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goes to lymph nodes if not removed, believed to be sun induced, comes from str. spinosum
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malignant melanoma
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most deadly, cancer of melanocytes, moves to lymph and blood vessels
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what is the ABCD rule?
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A-asymmetry
B-border irregularity C-color D-diameter (larger than 6mm) |
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the lining of the lungs is called
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pleural membran
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the skin cells that produce the waterproof outer surface of the skin
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keratinocytes
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these projection of the upper dermal layer contribute to the formation of fingerprints
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dermal papillae
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these glands lose part of their fatty acid content when they release their secretions
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apocrine
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this smooth muscle contracts to give you goosebumps
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arrector pilli
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this skin problem occurs frequently in children and forms water-filled lesions which crust over
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impetigo
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