Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
primary curvatures developed during fetal life due to the flexed position? which direction?
|
thoracic and sacral concave in the anterior/kyhposes direction
|
|
1st secondary curvature of spine? when developed?
|
cervical curve develops at 3-4 months when baby can pick up head
|
|
2nd secondary curvature of spine? when developed?
|
Lumbar curvature develops around 9-10 months when child starts to stand
|
|
Lordotic curve
|
convex anteriorly
pathological levels make pt look like they are sticking their chest out |
|
Kyphotic curve
|
convcave anteriorly
pathological level makes pt look hunchback |
|
Scoliosis
|
curvature of the spine in lateral direction = almost always pathological
seen in teenage females; can be corrected by swimming |
|
Content of the vertebral canal?
|
Spinal cord and its blood vessels
plus the meninges and the CSF. |
|
The 7th cervical vertebrae is called?
|
Vertebra Prominens.
|
|
major differences between cervical vert and others?
|
smaller body, larger triangular vert. foramen, transverse foramen, and most have bifid process
|
|
contents of intervertebral foramen?
|
transmits the nerve roots, spinal cord vessels, and contains dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
|
|
Contents of the vertebral foramen/canal?
|
spinal cord + meninges
spinal vessels CSF |
|
extensions of the pia mater from the surface of the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater that supports the spinal cord in the vert. canal?
|
denticulate ligaments
|
|
Epidural space is where? whats in there?
|
between bone/periosteum and dura mater
contains fat, vert. veins, and nerve roots |
|
subdural space is where?
|
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
|
|
subarachnoid space is where? whats in there?
|
between arachnoid and pia maters
CSF |
|
when the ______ is larger in specific areas in the vert. column it is referred to as _________
|
subarachnoid space
cisterns |
|
lumbar cistern is where and contains what?
|
below the termination of the spinal cord (the medullary cone)
contains the cauda equina and filum terminale |
|
filum terminale?
|
cord like extension of pia mater starting at medullary cone
|
|
The spinal cord enlarges in two places, where?
|
1. In the cervical area (C5-T1) which is where the brachial plexus extends from.
2. The Lumbosacral area (L2-S3) which is where the lumbosacral plexus extends from |
|
contents of transverse foramen? C1-C6? C7?
|
vertebral artery; first branch of the subclavian
C7 contains accessory to vert. a. |
|
first part of vertebra artery is from ____ to ____
|
from origin to the transverse foramen
|
|
second part of vertebral artery is found
|
found ascending through transverse foramen
|
|
third part of vertebral artery?
|
turns medially from posterior arch of atlas and is found in the suboccipital triangle
"forms basilar artery" |
|
______________has no spinous process, no body, small anterior arch and a larger posterior arch. Anterior tubercle, Posterior tubercle, Large vertebral foramen, 2 lateral masses
|
Atlas (1st cervical V., C1)
|
|
Transverse ligament of atlas function?
|
Secures odontoid/dens of C2; dens allows rotation
|
|
Hangman fracture?
|
Hangman Fracture in the arch of axis pushes the dens posteriorly and compresses the brain stem, leading to death.
Fracture of the dens is a typical fracture of C2 |
|
Alar ligaments? pathological condition?
|
from dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum
Collegen problems = displacement = signs/symptoms of motor sensory problems |
|
The presence of a cervical rib may cause a triad of disorders, which are?
|
A- Ischemic muscle pain due to compression
of the subclavian artery. B- pain in the ulnar side of the forearm & hand. C- palpable mass over the clavicle. |
|
Lumbar puncture is done between ____ in infants
Lumbar puncture is done between ____ in adults |
Lumbar puncture is done between L4-5 in infants
Lumbar puncture is done between L3-4 in adults |
|
Intrathecal = ?
|
Intrathecal = into the CSF
|
|
draw the line for LP at the _______ which is the level of the _____ vertebrae.
Where is the puncture done? |
draw the line for LP at the iliac crests which is the level of the ~L4vertebrae.
done above or below this line |
|
line between two iliac crests at L4 level used for LP is known as?
|
intercrestial line
|
|
Zygapophysial joints
|
the small vertebral joints between the articular processes
|
|
outer tense part of the intervertebral disks?
|
Anulus Fibrosus
|
|
soft jelly-like center?
|
Nucleus Pulposus
|
|
nucleus pulposus is the remnant of?
|
remnant of the Notochord, embryonic tissue
|
|
_____________ aspect of disks are a little bit thinner and not really supported by the __________ ligament resulting in herniation
|
Posteriorlateral aspect of disks are a little bit thinner and not really supported by the posterior longitudal ligament resulting in herniation
|
|
When disck herniates damage is done to
|
To the nerves at the next vertebral level
so if L4-5 herniates L5 nerve is disrupted |
|
Ligamentum flavum
|
facilitates movements
brings flexed vertebral column back to erect position |
|
Sacral hiatus can have drugs inserted this is known as _________. Anesthetizes to the level of _____
|
Caudal epidural anesthesia
S2 If you give a lot it can go to S1 |
|
diagonal conjugate = ?
true conjugate = ? what is touched when measuring? |
diagonal conjugate = 13cm
true conjugate = 11.5cm Sacral Promontory |
|
pain in coccyx?
|
Coccydyna
|
|
Lumbarization?
|
S1 tries to detach from sacrum to become separate bone --> counting on x-ray causes it to look like L6
|
|
Sacralization?
|
L5 fuses with S1
|
|
Spina Bifida?
|
Failure of vertebral arches to form or fuse leading to meningocele or meningomyelocele
|
|
Spina bifida usually in
|
Usually In lumbar or sacral vertebrae
|
|
meningocele?
|
just meninges bulge out of the vertebral canal
|
|
meningomyelocele?
|
meninges plus spinal cord bulge out
|
|
spinda bifida occluta
|
least severe; tuft of hair; no meninges herniated
|
|
spinda bifida Cystica?
|
cauda equine bulges out
|
|
order of increasing serverity for spina bifidas?
|
occluda < cystica < menigocele < menigomyocele
|
|
Spina bifida associated with what condition?
|
folic acid deficiency
|
|
Congenital brevicollis?
|
short neck
|
|
Spondylolisthesis?
|
displacement of vertebrae
|
|
Hemivertebrae
|
one side of vert doesn't completely develop
|
|
latissimus dorsi effect on respiration?
|
Can compress the thoracic cage in forced expiration
|
|
Lateral group
|
Iliocostalis, lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
Longissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis Splenius crvicis and capitis |
|
Medial group intrinsic muscles of the back?
innervation? |
semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, and cepitis; multifidus; rotator brevis and longus; Interspinales, intertransverse, levatores costarum
|
|
muscles of the Suboccipital triangle? function?
|
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
Rectus capitis post. Major Oblique capitis superior Oblique capitis inferior fxn: turning the head backward or laterally. |
|
Content of suboccipital triangle?
|
A- 3rd part of vertebral artery,
B- Suboccipital nerve (C1) innervating all 3 muscles C- Suboccipital plexus of veins |
|
Vertebrobasilar syndrome
|
looking up compresses 3rd part of vert. artery/basilar artery (esp in elderly); causes fainting
|
|
spinal root of the accessory nerve CN XI and C3-C4
|
trapezius
|
|
thoracodorsal nerve
|
latissimus dorsi
|
|
dorsal scapular nerve
|
both rhomboids
levator scapulae |
|
intercostal nerves
|
serratus posterior superior and inferior
|
|
The upper medial back/neck is innervated by?
|
superficially: CNXI and C3-C4 (traps)
deeper: dorsal scapular nerve, intercostal nerves, and spinal dorsal rami |
|
the lower lateral back
|
superficially: thoracodorsal nerve (lats)
deeper: spinal dorsal rami |
|
In a lumbar puncture CSF is removed from the _________ space by puncturing at the level of _________ in adults and the level of _______ in infants and adults
|
In a lumbar puncture CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by puncturing at the level of L3-L4 in adults and the level of L4-L5 in infants and adults
|
|
Winged scapula:
cant lift arm above 90deg = damage to ? CAN lift arm above 90deg = damage to ? |
Winged scapula:
cant lift arm above 90deg = damage to dorsal scapular n. (rhomboids) CAN lift arm above 90deg = damage to long thoracic n. (serratus ant.) |
|
Bone marrow can be taken from the ______ of the inonimate bone
|
Bone marrow can be taken from the iliac crest of the inonimate bone
|
|
The _______ vein can be used for coronary bypass surgery
|
The greater saphenous vein can be used for coronary bypass surgery
|
|
The __________ muscle/tendon can be used for reconstruction
|
The plantaris muscle/tendon can be used for reconstruction
|