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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Groups of cells that have a common function are called
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tissues
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the system that functions in the storage of minerals, such as calcium, is called the ___ system.
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skeletal
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The breakdown of ingested foods into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream is termed ____.
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digestion
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A control mechanism that responds to a stimulus by decreasing its intensity is called a ____ mechanism.
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negative feedback
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The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as ____.
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homeostasis
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the arms are ___ to the chest
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lateral
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The armpit area is called the ___ region.
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axillary
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A cut that is made along the horizontal plane is called a ___ section.
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transverse
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The study of the structure and shape of th body and body parts is called ___.
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anatomy
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Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity/
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transverse
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Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection?
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abdominal
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Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
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Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship between each other. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
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List 5 of the necessary human life fuctions
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1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement 3. Metabolism 4. Digestion 5. Reproduction |
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List the five survival needs of humans
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1. Nutrients
2. Water 3. Oxygen 4. Body temperature 5. Atmospheric pressure |
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What is an example of a physiological study?
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Drawing blood from laboratory animals to determine their blood sugar levels
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What is the order, from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body
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1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organismal level |
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The smallest living unit of all living things is
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A cell
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The muscular system consists of the
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skeletal musucles
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The ovary is part of which of the following two systems
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Reproductive and endocrine system
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Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the
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urinary system
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Which of the following systems is matched most most accurately to the life function it provides?
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nervous system - responsiveness
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Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system
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1. Stimulus
2. Receptor 3. Afferent pathway 4. Control center 5. Efferent pathway 6. Effector 7. Response |
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Negative feedback systems
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operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is shut off or reduced
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In anatomical position:
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the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward
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What orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans)
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anterior and ventral
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Which orientation terms have opposite meanings?
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superficial and deep
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What is an anterior body landmark?
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antecubital region
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What is a dorsal body landmark?
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scapular region
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In describing the relationship between the patellar and femoral regions
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the patellar region is distal to the femoral region
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In describing the relationship of the thoracic and spinal cavities
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the thoracic cavity is ventral to the spinal cavity
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In describing the relationship of the lungs to the heart
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the lungs are lateral to the heart
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the occipital region is the
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posterior surface of the head
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the region that contains the naval is the
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umbilical region
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What is true regarding the vertebral, occipital, and buccal regions?
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only the vertebral and occipital regions are located dorsally
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a section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts is called
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sagittal
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Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of cells flattened like fish scales is called a ____ epithelium.
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simple squamous
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The type of tissue consisting of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix is ___ tissue.
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connective
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The type of muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily is called ___ muscle.
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skeletal
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Goblet cells are found in
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simple columnar epithelium
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What is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
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it has a good blood supply within it and is very vascular
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what type of cells are found in the air sacs o the lungs
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simple squamous
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what is not a connective tissue
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skeletal muscle
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the epithelial tissue found in areas subject to considerable stretching, such as the urinary bladder, is
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transitional
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what is an increase in size?
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hyperplasia
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the tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive intercellular matrix is called
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connective tissue
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what is the movement of food through the intestines
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peristalsis
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blood is a type of ___ tissue
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connective tissue
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what is the replacement of destroyed tissue?
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regeneration
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the epithelial tissue found in areas subject to considerable friction and abuse, such as the esophagus, is __
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stratified squamous epithelium
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tendons are what kind of tissue?
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dense connective tissue
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Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as
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endocrine
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intercalated disks are found in
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cardiac muscle tissue only
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the type of muscle found int he walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is
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smooth muscle
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T or F? Stratified epithelium consists of one layer of epithelial cells
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false
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T or F? Under the microscope cardiac muscle cells appear as long, cylindrical cells that are multinucleated and possess obvious striations
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false
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T or F? The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of abundant collagen fibers hidden in a rubbery matrix
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true
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T or F? Smooth muscle cells are uninucleated spindle-shaped cells that lack striations
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true
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T or F? Bone can also be called osseous tissue
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true
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Membrane - lines all body cavities open to the exterior
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mucous membrane
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membrane - skin
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cutaneous membrane
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membrane - lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
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synovial membrane
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membrane - lines body cavities closed to exterior
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serous membrane
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membrane - moist and open to secretions such as mucus
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mucous membrane
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membrane - occurs in pairs
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serous membrane
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membrane - includes pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura
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serous membrane
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membrane - made up of connective tissue
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synovial membrane
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What are four major functions of the skin?
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1. Regulates heat loss
2. Insulates and cushions deeper organs 3. Protects body from mechanical damage, chemicals, thermal damage, ultraviolet radiation, and bacteria 4. Synthesizes Vitamin D with sunlight |
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Outer layer of epidermis
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stratum corneum
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produces millions of cells daily in the epidermis
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stratum basale
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pigment produced by skin to block UV radiation
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melanin
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lower skin layer which is tough, but flexible
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dermis
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protein which gives the skin its toughness
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collagen
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causes rosy glow in light-skinned people
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hemoglobin
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oil glands
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sebaceous glands
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sweat glands
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sudoriferous glands
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found in axillary and genital regions, produces protein-rich, fatty sweat
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apocrine gland
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produces hair
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hair follicle
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part of hair enclosed by follicle
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root
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mucles on side of follicle
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arrector pili
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scalelike modification of epidermis
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nail
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t/f Melanin and carotene will both help determine skin color
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true
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t/f Athlete's foot occurs when there is a homeostatic imbalance of the skin
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true
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t/f Burns are never caused by chemicals
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false
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t/f The main problems with burns are fluid loss and infection
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true
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t/f Second degree burns produce blisters
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true
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t/f Basal cell carcinoma is the most common and most dangerous form of skin cancer
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false
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t/f Squamous cell carcinoma occurs frequently on the scalp, the ears, the lower lip, and the back of the hand
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true
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t/f You should see your doctor if you have a mole that is perfectly round and is of one color because it may be cancerous
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false
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Describe what happens to the skin and some of its structure as humans age.
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In young people, the skin is well-hydrated and resiliant. As we age, our skin becomes thin and loses elasticity. The thinning makes it easier to bruise and wrinkles appear because it is not as elastic. The hair starts to thin,, causing baldness. Hair also becomes gray.
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Describe the rule of nines and give its important.
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The rule of nines is important because it estimates the amount of fluid lost from the person due to burns. The body is divided into 11 parts, each making up 9% plus 1% for the pubic area. They then use this to estimate fluid loss.
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Skull subdivision
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axial skeleton
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tibia subdivision
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appendicular skeleton
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femur subdivision
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appendicular skeleton
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humerus subdivision
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appendicular skeleton
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parietal bone subdivision
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axial skeleton
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ulna subdivision
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appendicular skeleton
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vertebrae subdivision
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axial skeleton
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ribs subdivision
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axial skeleton
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carpals subdivision
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appendicular skeleton
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3 functions of the skeletal system
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Protection, Support, and movement
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Four main types of bones
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long, short, flat, and irregular
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List two causes of joint or bone problems in life
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bursitis and arthritis
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Bone breaks into many pieces
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comminuted
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Broken bone ends are forced into each other
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impacted
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bone breaks incompletely like a twig
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greenstick
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bone breaks cleanly, but not through the skin
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simple
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bone is crushed
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compression
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broken bone ends protrude through the skin
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compound
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Describe how the skull of a newborn infant differs from that of an adult
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The skull of an infant is 1/4 the total bod length. The skull of an adult is only 1/8 the total body length.
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Gibe a function of fontanels.
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They allow an infants brain to grow
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What is the important of intervertebral disks and the normal curvature of the spine?
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The discs cushion the vertebrae. They absorb shock and allow the vertebral colum to have flexibility. The dics and the S-shape vertebral column absorb shock to the head when a person is running or walking and they allow the trunk to be flexible. Primary curvature are present at birth and secondary curvatures develop.
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Why is the female pelvis larger and wider than the male pelvis?
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There is a larger opening for the birth of a child
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Slighty movable joint
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amphiarthroses
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Freely movable joint
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Diarthroses
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Allow no movement in the joint
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Synarthroses
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