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431 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Anatomy
“ana-” = __, “-tomy” = _____ Science of_______ |
up, process of cutting
Science of body structure |
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Physiology
“physio-” = ___, “-logy” = ___ Science of _______ |
nature, study of
Science of body function |
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6 Levels of Body Organization
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1. Chemical:
2. Cellular: 3. Tissue: 4. Organ: 5. System: 6. Organism: |
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Chemical:
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atom, molecule, macromolecule
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Cellular:
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organelle, cell (basic unit of life)
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Tissue:
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group of cells, surrounding material
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Organ:
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group of tissues w/ common function
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System:
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group of organs w/ common function
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Organism:
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contains all systems in the body
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Ways to Study Anatomy:
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Observational
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy --Surface --Regional --Systemic --Developmental Microscopic anatomy --Cytology --Histology |
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Ways to Study Physiology
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Scientific method
--Observation --Hypothesis --Experiment --Conclusion |
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Types of Physiology
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“Levels” (cell vs. organ vs. system) physiology
Pathological physiology Developmental physiology |
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6 Life Processes: What Makes Something “Alive”?
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Metabolism:
Responsiveness: Movement: Growth: Differentiation: Reproduction: |
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Reproduction:
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formation of new cells for growth/repair/replacement or production of new individual
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Differentiation:
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unspecialized cells yield specialized
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Growth:
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increase in body size due to increase in size of existing cells, # of cells, or amount of surrounding material
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Movement:
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motion of whole body, organs, cells
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Responsiveness:
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ability to detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment
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Metabolism:
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all chemical processes in the body
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Homeostasis
“Homeo-” = ___, “-stasis” = ___ |
same, standing still
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Homeostasis: Process of maintaining stable internal environment in the face of…
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1. changes in external environment as a result of interacting with the world
2. changes in internal environment as a result of carrying out life processes |
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Homeostasis: Dynamic process is Maintained by Dynamic process maintained by
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negative feedback systems
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negative feedback systems
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“Opposite,” not “bad”
Reverses departure from homeostasis, bring variable back to normal |
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Examples of Negative Feed Back System
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Blood pressure, hormone secretion, blood sugar levels, body water content, body pH levels
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Slide example: you are hiking in the sun. You get Hot. Body temp rises causing your body to release a chemical causing you to sweat. Sweat evaporates on the skin and lowers your body temp.
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Steps of Negative Feedback Loop
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1. Normal Homeostasis distrubed
2. Receptors: Temp sensors in skin and Hypothalmus 3. Information affects the thermoregulatory center in the brain. 4. Sends commands to the Effectors causing sweat glands to secrete. 5. Normal temp restored. Homeostasis. |
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Physiological Terms:Positive Feedback
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Less common
Promotes/accelerates departure from homeostasis (i.e., “feed-forward” response) For specific purpose & duration Must be controlled or can be “run-away” response Uterine contractions Blood clotting |
Example:
1. break in blood vessel will cause bleeding 2. Dmged cells release chemicals 3. Clotting begins 4. additional chemicals released and clotting accelorates (positive feed back loop) 5. Blood clot plugs the break in the vessel wall stopping the bleeding. |
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Anatomical Position
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1. Stand straight, head level, eyes forward, palms forward, toes straight ahead
2. “Reference” position 3. “Left,” “right” for subject, not observer |
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Planes of the Body
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1. Frontal/Coronal- Anterior-posterior
2. Transverse- Superior-inferior 3. Sagittal- Left-right |
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1. Frontal/Coronal-
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Anterior-posterior
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2. Transverse-
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Superior-inferior
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3. Sagittal-
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Left-right
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Cavity Points to Note:
Diaphragm |
Seperates the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Supine |
A person lying face up in in the anatomical position
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Prone |
a person lying face down in the anatomical position
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Quadrants |
4 quadrants formed by a pair of imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus (navel). Provides reference points for aches, pains, and injuries.Helps physicians determine possible causes.
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Quadrants (4) |
Upper Right Quadrant
Lower Right Quadrant Upper Left Quadrant Lower Left Quadrant |
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Regions |
more percise method to describe the location and orientation of internal organs. Shows the relationship between quadrants, regions, and internal organs.
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Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Regions (9) |
1. Right/Left Hypoconhriac Region
2. Right/Left Lumbar Region 3. Right/Left Inguinal Region 4. Epigastric Region 5. Umbilical Region 6. Hypogastric Region |
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Frontal or |
Forehead
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Nasal, or |
Nose
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Ocular; orbital |
eye
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Otic |
Ear
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Buccal |
Cheek
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cervical |
Neck
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Thoracic |
Thorax, Chest
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Mammary |
Breast
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Abdominal |
Abdomen
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Umbilical |
Navel
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pelvic |
Pelvis
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Manuel |
Hand
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Inguinal |
Groin
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pubic |
Pubis
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Femoral |
Thigh
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Pedal |
Foot
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Hallux |
Great Toe
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Digits (Phalanges) |
toes
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Tarsal |
Ankle
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Crural |
Leg
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Patellar |
Kneecap
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Digits |
Fingers
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Palmar |
Palm
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Carpal |
wrist
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Antebrachial |
Forearm
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Antecubital |
Front of Elbow
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Brachial |
Arm
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Axillary |
Armpit
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Mental |
Chin
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Oral |
Mouth
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cephalic |
Head
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Anatomical Landmarks: Anterior
Cranial Facial |
Skull
Face |
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Cephalic |
Head
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Cervical |
Neck
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Upper Limb |
Arm from Shoulder to Finger tip
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Lower Limb |
Leg from Hip to Heal
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Plantar |
Sole of Foot
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Calcaneal |
Heel of Foot
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Sural |
Calf
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Popliteal |
Back of Knee
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Gluteal |
Buttock
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Lumbar |
Loin
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Olecranal |
Back of Elbow
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Dorsal |
Back
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Anatomical Landmarks: Posterior
Acromial |
Shoulder
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Directional Terms:
Anterior |
The Front Surface
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The navel is on the Anterior surface of the trunk
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Directional Terms:
Ventral |
The belly side. (Equivalent to the Anterior)
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The navel is on the VENTRAL surface of the trunk
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Directional Terms:
Posterior or Dorsal |
The back surface
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the shoulder blade is located posterior to the ribcage
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Directional Terms:
Cranial or Cephalic |
The Head
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The Cranial, border to the pelvis is on the side toward the head rather than the thigh
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Directional Terms:
Superior |
Above, at a higher level
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The cranial border to the pelvis is superior to the high
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Directional Terms:
Caudal |
The tail (Coccyx)
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the hips are Caudal to the waist
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Directional Terms:
Inferior |
Below, at a lower point
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The knees are inferior to the hips
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Directional Terms:
medial |
Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane.
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Moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum.
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Directional Terms:
Lateral |
Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsaggital plane.
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moving laterally from the nose brings you to the cheek.
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Directional Terms:
Proximal |
Toward an attached Base
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the thigh is proximal to the foot.
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Directional Terms:
Distal |
Away from an attached base.
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the fingers are distal to the wrist.
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Directional Terms:
Superficial |
At, near, or close to the body's surface
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the skin is superficial to underlying structures.
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Directional Terms:
Deep |
Farther from the body surface
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the bone in the thigh is deep within the muscle.
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Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Transverse or Horizontal |
Perpendicular to Long axis
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A transverse, or horizontal, this section separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A cut in this plane is called a cross section.
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Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Sagittal |
Parallel to long axis
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A Sagittal section separates right and left portions.
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Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Midsagittal |
the plane passes through the midline; dividing the body into right and left sides
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Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
parasagittal |
a cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size.
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Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Frontal or Coronal |
section that separates anterior and posterior portions of the body. Coronal refers to sections passing through the skull.
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Functions of Body Cavity :
1. 2. |
1. Protect organs from shock and impact.
2. permit changes in size and shape of organ. |
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Body Cavity:
Ventral Body Cavity |
Develops early in embryonic stages. contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. RCDUR
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Body Cavity: Ventral Body Cavity
Subdivides into ___ and ___ during early development |
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominalpelvic cavity |
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Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded by___and____ Conisists of: ___,___,___,___ |
1. Chest wall and diaphragm
2. Right Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity, Left Pleural Cavity |
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Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityRight Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___
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Right Lung
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Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityMediastinum: Contains ___
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the treachea, esophagus, and major vessels
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Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds ___ |
Heart
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Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Left Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___ |
Left Lung
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Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains ___,___,___ |
1. Peritoneal Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity 3. Pelvic Cavity |
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Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity: Extends throughout ___ |
abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity
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Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity: Contains many ___ |
digestive glands and organs
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Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic Cavity: contains ___, ___,___ |
1. Urinary bladder
2. reproductive organs 3. last portion of the digestive tract |
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Cavity Points to Note:
Viscera- |
Guts/Organs
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Cavity Points to Note:
Serous membrane: |
double-layered
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Serous membrane:
Parietal layer: |
lines the walls of the cavities
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Serous membrane:
Visceral layer: |
covers & adheres to viscera
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Serous membrane:
Pleura: |
serous m. for pleural cavities
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Serous membrane:
Pericardium: |
serous m. for pericardial cavity
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Serous membrane:
Peritoneum: |
serous m. for abd-pelvic cavity
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Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy-
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involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye.
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Surface Anatomy-
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A type of Gross Anatomy. Study of general form and superficial markings.
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Regional Anatomy-
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A type of Gross Anatomy- Focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body.
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Systemic Anatomy-
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A type of Gross Anatomy. The study of organ systems.
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Organ system-
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groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.
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Developmental Anatomy-
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A type of Gross Anatomy. Describes the changes in form from conception and physical maturity.
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Embryology-
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The study of early development processes.
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Clinical Anatomy-
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A type of Gross Anatomy. includes subspecialities included in clinical practice
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Microscopic Anatomy-
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deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification, and the boundaries are set by equipment used.
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What are the two major divisions of Microscopic Anatomy?
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Cytology and Histology.
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Cytology-
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The study of internal structure of individual cells.
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Histology-
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examination of tissues.
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Cells-
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The smallest unit of life
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Tissues
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groups of specialized cells that work together to preform a specific function.
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Tissues combine to form
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Organs
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Human Physiology-
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Study of the functions of the human body
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Levels of Organization:
The Chemical/Molecular Level- |
Atoms
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Levels of Organization:
The Cellular Level |
Cells
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Levels of Organization:
Tissue Level |
Tissue
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Levels of Organization:
Organ Level |
Organs
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Levels of Organization:
Organ System Level |
Organ system.
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Levels of Organization:
Organism Level |
Organisms
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Homeostasis
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the tendency toward internal balance.
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Homeostatic Regulation
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the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.
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Autoregulation-
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intrinsic regulation. When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities in response to environmental change
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Exrinsic Regulation-
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results from activities of the nervous and endocrine system. they adjust the activities of other systems simultaneously.
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Three parts of a Homeostatic Regulatory System-
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1. Receptor
2. Control Center 3. Effector |
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Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Receptor (1st step) |
a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus/environmental change.
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Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Control Center (2nd step) |
integration center. receives and processes the information received by the receptor, and sends out commands.
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Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Effector (3rd step) |
a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whos activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.
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Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Set Point |
desired value of the body in the homeostatic regulatory system.
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Negative Feedback
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A variation outside the desired set point (range) triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.
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Negative feedback opposes
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variations from normal.
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Positive feedback exaggerates
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variations from normal.
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Negative feedback is the primary mechanism of
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homeostatic regulation. it provides long term control over the body's internal conditions and systems.
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State of Equalibirium
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exists when opposing processes are in balance. example: in the body- rate of heat loss= rate of heat production.
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Dynamic Equalibrium
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each physiological system constantly functions to maintain a state of equalibrium that keeps vital conditions within normal range. ex- when muscles function, they produce more heat. more heat must be used, so you sweat.
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Chemistry
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Science that deals with the structure of matter.
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Atoms
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Smallest stable units of matter.
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Atoms are composed of
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Subatomic particles
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Three important subatomic particles:
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1. Protons
2. Neutrons 3. Electrons |
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Protons
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Located in the nucleus. Have a + charge.
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Neutrons
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Located in the nucleus. Have a - charge.
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Electrons
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Located in the orbital shell. have a -charge.
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Element
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pure substance composed of atams of only 1 kind.
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Major elements
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(96% of you): O, C, H, N
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Lesser elements
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(3.98% of you): Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe
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Trace elements
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(0.2% of you): 14 total
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Nucleus
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made of protons (p+) & neutrons (n0)
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atomic #
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# of p+
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e- occupy a series of orbits, or shells, around the nucleus
Outermost e- shell determines reactivity of an atom |
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8 e- in outer orbit =
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happy (stable!) atom
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6 or 7 e- in outer orbit =
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want to gain e-
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1 or 2 e- in outer orbit =
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want to lose e-
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Ion:
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atom that has lost or gained e-
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Cation:
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ion with positive charge (Na+, lose e-)
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Anion:
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ion with negative charge (Cl-, gain e-)
A Negative ION |
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Molecule:
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combination of 2 or more atoms. Often will be atoms from same element
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Compound:
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Atoms of different elements
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Ionic bond:
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created by atom permanently donating e- to another atom
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Covalent bond:
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created by atoms sharing e- pairs (polar vs. non-polar)
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Hydrogen bond:
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attraction between + end of one molecule and - end of another (polarity)
Opposite charges attract molecules to each other. Weak, joins molecules with other molecules |
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Ionic Bond Diagram
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Ionic Bond Diagram
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Covalent Bond Diagram
Single, Double, Triple, Non-Polar, Polar |
Covalent Bond Diagram
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Work:
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movement of object or D in physical structure of matter…accomplishes a task!
Boiling water, running, car rolling down a hill, etc. |
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Energy:
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Energy: capacity to perform work
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Potential energy:
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stored energy (top of hill)
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Kinetic energy:
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energy of motion (rolling down)
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Potential -->kinetic not 100% efficient. Why?
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Large amount of energy is lost as heat.
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Chemical potential energy -->
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kinetic energy
Ex: Energy stored in the Phosphate Bonds of ATP. When the bonds are broken, Energy is released. |
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Chemical reactions:
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process of breaking and forming chemical bonds. Enables cells to live and function (metabolism)
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Decomposition reactions
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(aka, catabolism): Break down
A-B -> A + B + heat (roll car down the hill) Hydrolysis: A-B + H2O -> A-H + HO-B |
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Synthesis reactions
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(aka, anabolism): Building
A + B + energy -> A-B (roll car back up the hill) Dehydration synthesis: A-H + HO-B A-B + H2O |
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Activation energy:
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amt of energy required to start reaction (or push car down hill)
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Enzyme:
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special proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction, speed it up. A type of catalyst. Generally end in “-ase”. Ex. Telomerase.
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Inorganic Chemistry:
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Simple smaller molecules
no C-H bonds H2O, CO2, O2, acids, bases, salts |
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Organic Chemistry:
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Complex (often larger) molecules, C-H bonds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Water is the most-
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Most abundant chemical in body
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Physical/chemical characteristics of Water: 1-6?
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Absorb/release heat slowly
Hydrogen bonds Breaks ionic bonds Solvent Lubricant Common in chem rxns |
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Hydrophilic:
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“water-loving”
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Hydrophobic:
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“water-fearing”
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Electrolytes:
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soluble inorganic molecules whose ions conduct electrical current in sol’n
Muscle/heart contraction, nerve conduction |
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Acid:
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H+ donor (HCl, citric, acetic, ascorbic)
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Base:
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OH- donor (KOH, NaOH)
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Acid + base =
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neutral
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Salt:
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molecule that dissociates into something other than H+ or OH- (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2)
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pH:
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measure of H+ in a solution
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Scale:
Neutral: Physiological: |
Scale 0-14 (log)
Neutral: 7 Physiological: 7.4 |
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Buffer:
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can absorb excess H+ (if too acidic) or release H+ (if too basic) to maintain pH- example of this is Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
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an internal Buffer system. Carbonic Acid releases a H+ to become Bicarbonate. Reversely, it can add a H+ to become Carbonic Acid.
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Organic Molecules are: 1-4
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Complex, large compounds
Contain C,H, and usually O Can also include N, P, S, Fe C-H covalent bonds |
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Organic functional groups influence
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molecular properties
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Carbon:
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4 covalent bonds (share 4 outer e-)
H forms 1 covalent bond C mostly bonds with H or other C |
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Hydroxyl:
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-OH
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Carboxyl:
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-COOH
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Amino:
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-NH2
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Phosphate:
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-PO4
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Carbohydrates:
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Family of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose
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Carbohydrates: are an important source of
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energy
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Carbohydrates are made of rings of :
have a _:_ ratio example: |
Made of rings of C, H, O
1:2:1 C6H12O6: glucose |
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Monosaccharides:
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1 ring
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Disaccharides:
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2 rings
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Polysaccharides:
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many rings
|
|
|
Carbohydrates Diagram
|
Carbohydrates Diagram
|
|
|
Lipids are made up of:
have an H ratio of _:_ |
Made of C,H,O, but fewer O than carbs
C:H ratio is 1:2 |
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|
Lipids are Hydrophobic or Hydrophillic? Why?
|
Hydrophobic (C-H groups non-polar)
|
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|
Lipids: Fatty Acids
Saturated: |
contains max # of H
Single covalent bonds Stable, hard to break down |
|
|
Lipids: Fatty Acids
Unsaturated: |
contains fewer H
Double covalent bond(s) Less stable, easier to break down |
|
|
Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Diagram
|
Lipids: Saturated vs Unsaturated Diagram
|
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|
Lipids: Triglycerides
Most common lipid in __ and __ also used to __ the body and __organs. |
Most common lipid in body & diet
Insulation Protection |
|
|
Lipids: Triglycerides
are an efficient source of __ __kcal/g __kcal/lb 1FA=__x >1glucose |
Efficient energy source
9 kcal/g 3500 kcal/lb 1 FA = 3x > 1 glucose |
|
|
Lipids: Triglycerides
is the glycerol ___ with 3 FA |
Glycerol backbone + 3 FA
|
|
|
Lipids: Triglycerides Diagram
|
Lipids: Triglycerides Diagram
|
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|
Lipids: Steroids
essential in the body functions: 1. __ __ component 2. __ signaling 3. Digestion of __ |
Essential in body functions:
Cell membrane component Hormone signaling Digestion of fats |
|
|
Lipids: Steroids
Examples include: |
Cholesterol
Testosterone, estrogen Cortisol, hydrocortisone |
|
|
Lipids: Phospholipids
Main component of cell ___. AKA "___". |
Main component of cell membranes
“Phospholipid bilayer” |
|
|
Lipids: Phospholipids are ___ meaning both water fearing and water loving.
|
Amphipathic
|
|
|
Lipids: Phospholipids
___ links __ FA (diglyceride) “tails” to non-lipid, ___“head” |
PO4 links 2 FA (diglyceride) “tails” to non-lipid, polar “head”
|
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|
Lipids: Phospholipids Spontaneously congregate to form ___
|
micelles
Example: lecithin |
|
|
Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram
|
Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram
|
|
|
Proteins are the most __ and make up ___% of the body weight.
|
Most abundant organic compound in body 20% of body weight
|
|
|
Proteins: 7 types:SCTEBAH
|
Structural
Contractile Transport Enzymes Buffering Antibodies Hormones |
|
|
Proteins are not a fuel source, except in
|
starvation
|
|
|
Proteins are composed of
|
C,H,O,N, sometimes S or P
|
|
|
Proteins are longs strands of ___
|
Long strands of building blocks called amino acids (think: beads on a necklace)
|
|
|
Amino Acids: there are __ total. ___and non-___
|
20. Essential and non essential.
|
|
|
proteins are considered anions because
|
R group is often negatively charged,
|
|
|
Protein: Amino Acid Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Diagram
|
Protein: Amino Acid Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Diagram
|
|
|
dipeptide
|
2 AAs connected by peptide bond:
|
|
|
tripeptide
|
3 AAs connected by peptide bond
|
|
|
polypeptide
|
4+ AAs connected by peptide bonds
|
|
|
protein is
|
Polypeptides w/ 100+ AAs
|
|
|
Proteins: Structure & Function
|
Protein shape (structure) -> protein function
|
|
|
Proteins: Structure & Function
What determines protein shape? |
Primary structure
Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure: Denaturing |
|
|
Primary structure:
|
AA sequence itself
|
|
|
Secondary structure:
|
AA interactions
|
|
|
Tertiary structure:
|
complex folding of 2° structures to give 3-D appearance
|
|
|
Quaternary structure:
|
2+ tertiary sub-units
|
|
|
Denaturing:
|
protein structure (thus function) altered due to non-homeostasis
|
|
|
Proteins: Structure & Function
Structure Diagram |
Proteins: Structure & Function
Structure Diagram |
|
|
Nucleic Acids: Family of organic compounds that
|
store & process information inside the cell
|
|
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid
|
(DNA)—the blueprints
|
|
|
Ribonucleic acid
|
(RNA)—the builders
|
|
|
Nucleic Acids are made up of
|
C,H,O,N,P
|
|
|
Nucleic Acids have 2 components:
|
Nucleotides: N-based building blocks
(Deoxy)ribose-PO4 backbone |
|
|
Nucleic Acids:
Nucleotides: |
N-based building blocks
|
|
|
Nucleic Acids:
(Deoxy)ribose- |
PO4 backbone
|
|
|
ATP
|
Adenosine Triphosphate
|
|
|
ATP is the
|
Energy currency
|
|
|
ATP is the End point of
|
sugar, fat catabolism
|
|
|
Energy in bonds
ATP ->___ |
ATP -> ADP + Pi
|
|
|
Anatomy of a Cell:
Plasma membrane |
The skin
Barrier |
|
|
Anatomy of a Cell:
Nucleus |
The brain
DNA, chromosomes |
|
|
Anatomy of a Cell:
Cytoplasm |
The guts
Cytosol + organelles |
|
|
Overview of Cells:
Smallest functional ___ Produced by division of ___. |
unit of life
pre-existing cells |
|
|
Overview of Cells:
Somatic cells |
(mitosis)
|
|
|
Overview of Cells:
Sex cells/gametes |
(meiosis)
|
|
|
Cytology
|
The study of cells
|
|
|
The Cell:
Plasma/Cell membrane: General functions |
1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange of material between inside and outside 3. Sensitivity to the environment 4. Structural support. |
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Functions |
Barrier btwn inside, outside of cell
Regulate exchange w/ environment Receive signals (chemical, mechanical) |
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Membrane structures - support function |
Phospholipid bilayer: barrier
Cholesterol: reinforce barrier, anchors proteins Proteins: control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes CHOs: lubricate, protect, anchor |
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer: |
barrier
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Cholesterol: |
reinforce barrier, anchors proteins
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Proteins: |
control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane
CHOs: |
lubricate, protect, anchor
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Integral Proteins |
Span the width of the membrane one or more times- transmembrane proteins.
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Peripheral Proteins |
bound to the inner and outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated.
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Anchoring Proteins |
attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Recognition Proteins |
recgonize other cells as normal or abnormal.
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Enzymes |
catalyze reactions in the extracellular fluid or the cytosol
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Receptor Proteins |
are sensitive to a specific extracellular molecule
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Carrier Proteins |
bind solutes and transport them across the membrane
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane:
Channels |
an integral protein with a central pore that forms a passageway across the membrane.
|
|
|
Plasma membrane:
what are the differences between Cytosol and extracellular fluid? |
cytosol contains more sodium ions. Extracellular fluid contains more potassium ions. Cytosol has a creater [suspended proteins]. Cytosol contains small quantities of proteins amino acids and lipids.
|
|
|
Organelles:
|
are the internal structures that perform most of the tasks that keep a cell alive and functioning. Include the cytoskeleton, ribocomes, and microvili ect.
|
|
|
Nonmembraneous Organelles:
|
not completly enclosed by a membrane. all of their contents are exposed to the cytosol. Ex: the ER, GA, and Lyososomes.
|
|
|
Membranous Organelles
|
are isolated from the cell by a phospholipid bilayer.
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
functions as the cells skeleton, providing str and stability.
|
|
|
What makes up the Cytoskeleton
|
Microfiliments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments are made of ___. and most commonly make up the ___ of the cell |
are made of actin protein. and most commonly make up the periphery of the cell
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments anchor the ___to ___s of the plasma membrane. |
anchor the cytoskeleton to intergral proteins of the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments determine the ___of the ___. |
determine the consistancy of the cytoplasm.
|
|
|
Actin can interact with the protein ___ to produce movement of a portion of a cell or to change the ______.
|
Actin can interact with the protein myosin to produce movement of a portion of a cell or to change the shape of the entire cell.
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton:
Intermediatefilaments are ___in size and ___the cell and help maintain its ___, stabilize the position of ___, and stabilize the cell with respect to ___. |
Cytoskeleton:
Intermediatefilaments are intermediate in size and strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape, stabilize the position of organelles, and stabilize the cell with respect to surrounding cells. |
|
|
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules are ___tubes built from globular protein ___. Are the ___ component of the cytoskeleton. |
Microtubules are hallow tubes built from globular protein tubulin. Are the largest component of the cytoskeleton.
|
|
|
Microtubules form the ___components of the cytoskeleton, giving the cell ___and rigidity and anchoring the position of the ___.
|
Microtubules form the primary components of the cytoskeleton, giving the cell strength and rigity and anchoring the position of the organelles.
|
|
|
The dis-assembly of ___provides a mechanism for changing the ___of the cell. possibly for ___.
|
The dis-assembly of microtubules provides a mechanism for changing the shape of the cell. possibly for movement.
|
|
|
Microtubles can move ___or other organelles within the cell.
|
Microtubles can move vesicles or other organelles within the cell.
|
|
|
During division, Microtubules form the ___.
|
During division, Microtubules form the spindle apparatus.
|
|
|
microtubules form structural components of organelles, such as centrioles and cilia.
|
microtubules form ___components of organelles, such as ___and ___.
|
|
|
Nucleus:
Nuclear envelope: |
Double-bilayer membrane
|
|
|
Nucleus:
Nuclear pores: |
interact w/ cytoplasm
|
|
|
Nucleus:
Nucleolus: |
produce RNA, ribosomes
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
Cytoplasm-All cell ___ besides nucleus
|
All cell contents besides nucleus
|
|
|
Cytosol: component of the cytoplasm. Contains ___,
___, ___, ___, ___. WHIPN |
Cytosol: component of the cytoplasm. Contains H2O, nutrients, ions, proteins, waste
|
|
|
___ Organelles:
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrosome Cilia, Flagella Ribosomes |
___ Organelles:
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrosome Cilia, Flagella Ribosomes |
|
|
___Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria “Small bodies” |
Membranous Organelles:
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria “Small bodies” |
|
|
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
Functions: Structural ___ Defines cell ___ |
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
Functions: Structural scaffolding Defines cell shape 3 “skeleton” fibers: “Cables”: microfilaments, intermediate filaments “Support beams”: microtubules |
|
|
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
3 “skeleton” fibers: “Cables”: ___ , ___filaments “Support beams”: ___ |
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli:
3 “skeleton” fibers: “Cables”: microfilaments, intermediate filaments “Support beams”: microtubules |
|
|
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli
|
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli
|
|
|
Centrosome:
Moves ___ during mitosis. Organize the ___. |
Centrosome:
Moves chromosomes during mitosis. Organize the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Cilia
Anchored by a ___. Beat rhythmically to ___. |
Cilia
Anchored by a basal body Beat rhythmically to move stuff past cell |
|
|
Flagella: cell ___
|
Flagella: cell motility
|
|
|
Ribosomes: are responsible for ___.
|
Ribosomes: are responsible for protein synthesis.
|
|
|
Can be found free-floating or on E.R.
Ribosomes can be ___ make proteins for cell itself ___ make proteins for ___from cell |
Can be found free-floating or on E.R.
Ribosomes can be Free-floaters make proteins for cell itself E.R.-bound make proteins for export from cell |
|
|
Ribosomes are Made of ___ (rRNA) & ___
|
Ribosomes are Made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins
|
|
|
Ribosome
|
Ribosome
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of ___ connected to the nuclear ___, which surrounds the nucleus.
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus.
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: s___, s___, t___, d___
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions: synthesis, storage, transport, detox
|
|
|
Rough E.R.: produces and ___proteins destined for ___of the cell, for ___
|
Rough E.R.: produces and packages proteins destined for export out of the cell, for membrane
|
|
|
Smooth E.R.: perform non-protein cell functions
F___, phospho___, ste___synthesis Release of ___, drug detox (liver) |
Smooth E.R.: perform non-protein cell functions
Fatty acid, phospholipid, steroid synthesis Release of glucose, drug detox (liver) ) |
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: cisternae ___
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: cisternae (folded membranes)
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
|
|
Golgi Complex-Function: Refine proteins from ___ER, package, ___ storage, ___
|
Golgi Complex-Function: Refine proteins from rough ER, package, long-term storage, export
|
|
|
Golgi Complex-Structure: composed of ___
|
Golgi Complex-Structure: composed of cisternae
|
|
|
Golgi Complex-Receives raw proteins from rough ER on ___
Modify, reorganize, package proteins Release processed proteins on___ |
Golgi Complex-Receives raw proteins from rough ER on cis face
Modify, reorganize, package proteins Release processed proteins on trans face |
|
|
Golgi Complex
|
Golgi Complex
|
|
|
Lyosomes:vesicles that preform ___ and ___within the cell.
|
vesicles that preform essential cleanup and recycling within the cell.
|
|
|
Mitochondria: Structure: ___-shaped organelle with ___internal membranes (___)
|
Mitochondria: Structure: kidney-shaped organelle with folded internal membranes (cristae)
|
|
|
Mitochondria: Double ___, liquid ___, enzymes
Have own ___, ribosomes Trace maternal ancestry here |
Mitochondria: Double membrane, liquid matrix, enzymes
Have own DNA, ribosomes Trace maternal ancestry here |
|
|
Mitochondria: Function: produce __
“___” of the cell Some cells have many (muscle, liver, kidney) Making ATP here requires ___ |
Mitochondria: Function: produce ATP
“Power houses” of the cell Some cells have many (muscle, liver, kidney) Making ATP here requires O2 |
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Mitochondria
|
|
|
“Small Bodies” Structure: small enclosed sacs (___) that isolate ___
|
“Small Bodies” Structure: small enclosed sacs (vesicles) that isolate dangerous activities/substances
|
|
|
“Small Bodies” Functions:
Lysosomes contain ___enzymes Peroxisomes ___(abundant in liver) Proteasomes digest ___ |
“Small Bodies” Functions:
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes Peroxisomes detoxify (abundant in liver) Proteasomes digest excess/defective proteins |
|
|
Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
impermeable: |
lets nothing in or out
|
|
|
Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
freely permeable: |
lets anything in or out
|
|
|
Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
selectively permeable: |
restricts what/when molecules move across membrane
|
|
|
Body Water Content
INTRACELLULAR FLUID ___ of TBW |
Body Water Content
INTRACELLULAR FLUID 2/3 of TBW |
|
|
Body Water Content
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ___ of TBW INTERSTITIAL FLUID ___ of ECF PLASMA ___of ECF |
Body Water Content
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ___ of TBW INTERSTITIAL FLUID 3/4 of ECF PLASMA 1/4 of ECF |
|
|
Intracellular: ___the cells
Interstitial: ___cells Plasma: in the ___ |
Intracellular: inside the cells
Interstitial: between cells Plasma: in the blood |
|
|
Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that ___ Usually water |
Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that dissolves Usually water |
|
|
Solutions:
Solute: ___material Ions, gases, molecules |
Solutions:
Solute: dissolved material Ions, gases, molecules |
|
|
Solution:
Concentration: amt of ___in given volume of ___(abbrev: [ ]) Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water |
Concentration: amt of solute in given volume of solvent (abbrev: [ ])
Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water |
|
|
Solution:
[ ] gradient: difference in [ ] between 2 ___ |
[ ] gradient: difference in [ ] between 2 solns
|
|
|
when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ___required
|
when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ATP required
|
|
|
Equilibrium: all solutes ___
|
equally distributed
|
|
|
Diffusion: move something ___[ ] gradient
|
Diffusion: move something down [ ] gradient
|
|
|
Simple Diffusion:
|
Simple (hydrophobic/non-polar)
|
|
|
Facilitated Diffusion:
|
Facilitated (charged, hydrophilic/polar)
|
|
|
Osmosis:
|
mvmt of water down [ ] gradient
|
|
|
what affects diffusion
|
what affects diffusion
|
|
|
What affects Diffusion?
DEP |
Distance
Electrical forces Permeability |
|
|
Simple Diffusion
|
Think food coloring in water or perfume in air.
|
|
|
Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion: Solute travels ___[ ] gradient Solute able to ___ diffuse thru cell membrane |
Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion: Solute travels down [ ] gradient Solute able to freely diffuse thru cell membrane |
|
|
Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through ___. Lipid-soluble molecules O2, CO2 Fatty acids, steroids Vitamins A,D,E,K |
Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through lipid bilayer Lipid-soluble molecules O2, CO2 Fatty acids, steroids Vitamins A,D,E,K |
|
|
Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
Requirements for facilitated diffusion: Solute travels ___[ ] gradient Solute needs help (a ___) to get it through the membrane (no ___required) Max speed depends on # of ___. |
Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
Requirements for facilitated diffusion: Solute travels down [ ] gradient Solute needs help (a transporter) to get it through the membrane (no ATP required) Max speed depends on # of transporters |
|
|
Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion-Who uses them?
Ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+) use ___ Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides use ___. |
Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion-Who uses them?
Ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+) use channels Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides use carriers |
|
|
Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
|
Passive Transport:Facilitated Diffusion
|
|
|
Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be ___ to water |
Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be permeable to water |
|
|
Osmosis: Water moves ___its [ ] gradient.
Area of ___water molecules to ___molecules. i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ] |
Osmosis: Water moves down its [ ] gradient
Area of more water molecules to fewer molecules i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ] |
|
|
Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to ___
|
Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to osmotic gradient
|
|
|
Osmotic pressure: Osmotic P physically countered by ___.
think plunger in the UTube |
Osmotic pressure: Osmotic P physically countered by hydrostatic P
think plunger in the UTube |
|
|
Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Osmolarity: measure of concentration of all ___. i.e., both __& __ solutes. Tells how much total solute is ___in solution Doesn’t tell much about whether ___will move thru membrane or not |
Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Osmolarity: measure of concentration of all solutes in solution i.e., both permeable & non-permeable solutes Tells how much total solute is dissolved in solution Doesn’t tell much about whether water will move thru membrane or not |
|
|
Osmosis:Osmolarity vs. Tonicity
Tonicity: concerned with only ___ solutes in solution Tells about solution’s ability to actually cause ___ of water |
Tonicity: concerned with only non-permeable solutes in solution
Tells about solution’s ability to actually cause osmotic flow of water |
|
|
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Iso-osmotic: soln has ___[ ] of solutes as another soln |
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Iso-osmotic: soln has same [ ] of solutes as another soln |
|
|
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hypo-osmotic: soln has __[ ] vs. another soln |
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hypo-osmotic: soln has lower [ ] vs. another soln |
|
|
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hyper-osmotic: soln has __[ ] vs. another soln |
Osmosis:Osmolarity
Hyper-osmotic: soln has higher [ ] vs. another soln |
|
|
Osmosis:Tonicity
Isotonic: No net ___flow |
Osmosis:Tonicity
Isotonic: No net osmotic flow |
|
|
Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypotonic: Will ___ thru osmosis |
Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypotonic: Will lose water thru osmosis |
|
|
Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypertonic: Will ___thru osmosis |
Osmosis:Tonicity
Hypertonic: Will gain water thru osmosis |
|
|
Osmosis:Tonicity
|
Osmosis:Tonicity
|
|
|
Active Transport:
Requirements: Solutes than cannot cross ___. Method to move ___across membrane Requires ___. |
Active Transport:
Requirements: Solutes than cannot cross passively Method to move solutes across membrane Requires ATP |
|
|
Active Transport:
Moves solutes ___[ ] gradient From area of ___[ ] to area of ___[ ] Just like moving uphill, requires energy! |
Active Transport:
Moves solutes up [ ] gradient From area of low [ ] to area of high [ ] Just like moving uphill, requires energy! |
|
|
Active Transport:
Critical for re-establishing ___ involved in nerve conduction and heart contraction |
Active Transport:
Critical for re-establishing gradients involved in nerve conduction and heart contraction |
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
Vesicle: ___ A “cell within a cell” |
Active Transport:Vesicles
Vesicle: small membrane-encased sac A “cell within a cell” |
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
Endocytosis: ___materials into cell Receptor-mediated |
Active Transport:Vesicles
Endocytosis: import materials into cell Receptor-mediated |
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
Phagocytosis: ___of bacteria and other particles into white blood cells. Solids. |
Active Transport:Vesicles
Phagocytosis: ingestion of bacteria and other particles into white blood cells |
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
Pinocytosis: ingestion of ___ |
Active Transport:Vesicles
Pinocytosis: ingestion of fluid |
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles Exocytosis: ___materials from cell
|
Active Transport:Vesicles Exocytosis: export materials from cell
|
|
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
|
Active Transport:Vesicles
|
|
|
The Cell Life Cycle
Phases of Mitosis |
The Cell Life Cycle
Phases of Mitosis |
|
|
Most of cell’s life spend ___ dividing, but in ___
|
Most of cell’s life spend ___dividing, but in Interphase
|
|
|
Body (somatic) cells divide in 2 stages
Mitotis: Cytokinesis: |
Body (somatic) cells divide in 2 stages
Mitotis: divides genetic material equally Cytokinesis: divides cytoplasm & organelles equally between 2 daughter cells |
|
|
Hyperplasia means ___in number of ___. This is seen in Prophase-Teleophase.
|
Hyperplasia means increase in number of cells. This is seen in Prophase-Teleophase
|
|
|
Hypertrophy is the increase in the ___of a cell due to the enlargement of its ___. This is seen in Interphase.
|
Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of a cell due to the enlargement of its component cells. This is seen in Interphase.
|
|
|
The Cell Cycle
Hypertrophy is seen in which phases? Hyperplasia is seen in which phases? |
The Cell Cycle
|
|
|
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Genetic material organized into --- chromosomes 2 sets of ___chromosomes |
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Genetic material organized into 46 chromosomes 2 sets of 23 chromosomes |
|
|
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each chromosome = string of genes Each chromosome contains ~ 1___ genes Each gene codes for ___ protein for a trait |
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each chromosome = string of genes Each chromosome contains ~ 1000 genes Each gene codes for 1 protein for a trait |
|
|
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each gene is made up of ___= long strands of nucleotide base pairs |
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
Each gene is made up of DNA = long strands of nucleotide base pairs |
|
|
DNA & Genes & Chromosomes
DNA is basic genetic material of ___. |
DNA is basic genetic material of life
|
|
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Mitosis
1. Prophase Chromatin (loose genetic strands) condenses into ___ Each single chromosome (chromatid) pairs up with its duplicate (i.e., dad’s chromosome 7 finds its double), making ___pairs in total Connected in the middle with a ___ |
Mitosis
1. Prophase Chromatin (loose genetic strands) condenses into chromosomes Each single chromosome (chromatid) pairs up with its duplicate (i.e., dad’s chromosome 7 finds its double), making 46 pairs in total Connected in the middle with a centromere |
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1. Prophase
___form, connect north & south poles Think: longitudinal lines on a globe Poles are ___ |
1. Prophase
Spindles form, connect north & south poles Think: longitudinal lines on a globe Poles are centrioles |
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4. Telophase
Chromosomes revert back to threadlike loose strands of chromatin Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear Mitotic spindle breaks up Cytokinesis completed |
Chromosomes revert back to threadlike loose strands of chromatin
Nuclear envelope, nucleolus reappear Mitotic spindle breaks up Cytokinesis completed |
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Protein Synthesis:The Whole Purpose and Reason for ___Existence
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Protein Synthesis:The Whole Purpose and Reason for DNA’s Existence
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Protein Synthesis:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA ___ for protein assembly |
Protein Synthesis:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA Heritable instructions for protein assembly |
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Protein Synthesis:
BOTTOM LINE: DNA contains code for ___, and ___make our world go ’round |
Protein Synthesis:
BOTTOM LINE: DNA contains code for proteins, and proteins make our world go ’round |
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Protein Synthesis:
Proteins: long strands of ___ strung together like beads on a necklace |
Protein Synthesis:
Proteins: long strands of amino acids strung together like beads on a necklace |
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Protein Synthesis:
Gene codes for protein’s ___ sequence |
Protein Synthesis:
Gene codes for protein’s AA sequence |
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DNA:
Double-helix: twisted ladder Verticals: ___ molecules Rungs: 4 different ___ |
DNA:
Double-helix: twisted ladder Verticals: sugar-P molecules Rungs: 4 different nucleotides |
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DNA: Nucleotides
_,_,_,_ (A,C,G,T) _ & _ combine to make rung _ & _ combine to make rung. Series of consecutive rungs (# will differ) comprises a ___. |
Nucleotides
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine (A,C,G,T) A & T combine to make rung C & G combine to make rung Series of consecutive rungs (# will differ) comprises a gene |
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Nucleus, Ribosomes:
Nucleus: houses ___, protects from harm Loosen, long DNA threads of ___. Sole copy of critical ___. |
Nucleus: houses DNA, protects from harm
Loosen, long DNA threads of chromatin Sole copy of critical blueprints |
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Nucleolus: makes ___and ___
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Nucleolus: makes ribosomes and RNA
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Nuclear pore: ___, ___leave nucleus
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Nuclear pore: ribosomes, RNA leave nucleus
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Ribosomes: ___assembly factories
Help physically assemble ___strands |
Ribosomes: protein assembly factories
Help physically assemble protein strands |
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DNA is blueprint for ___.
___production is the whole point of DNA!!! |
DNA is blueprint for proteins
Protein production is the whole point of DNA!!! |
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Transcription: ___phase, occurs 1st
From DNA to ___ Makes copy of (transcribes) info from ___. |
Transcription: nuclear phase, occurs 1st
From DNA to RNA Makes copy of (transcribes) info from DNA |
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Translation: ___phase, occurs 2nd
From RNA to ___ Translates from “language” of ___to “language” of ___ |
Translation: cytoplasmic phase, occurs 2nd
From RNA to protein Translates from “language” of nucleotides to “language” of amino acids |
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Enables safe ___of ___ out of nucleus |
Enables safe transport of gene instruction out of nucleus
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) “Mirror”-image of ___strand |
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
“Mirror”-image of DNA strand |
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
DNA “unzips” Into ___ and ___strands |
DNA “unzips”
Into coding and template strands |
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
mRNA assembled using free-floating ___ RNA polymerase |
mRNA assembled using free-floating nucleotides
RNA polymerase |
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Protein Synthesis: Transcription
RNA uses ___ instead of thymine |
RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine
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Protein Synthesis:Transcription
Base triplet: Codon: |
Base triplet
Sequence of 3 DNA bases Codon Sequence of 3 RNA bases Codons will code for amino acid sequence of protein |
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
from ___to protein |
Protein Synthesis:Translation—from mRNA to protein
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
Codon “___” from bases into ___ |
Protein Synthesis:Translation
Codon “translated” from bases into amino acids |
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
Requires ___ different types of RNA…___, ___, ___ |
Protein Synthesis:Translation
Requires 3 different types of RNA… mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
Messenger RNA (mRNA): from nucleus, contains code for ___of ___ |
Messenger RNA (mRNA): from nucleus, contains code for sequence of amino acids
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): building blocks of ___, site of ___/protein assembly |
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): building blocks of ribosomes, site of translation/protein assembly
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry free-floating ___ from ___to ___codon The “Brick Layer” |
Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry free-floating amino acid from cytoplasm to mRNA codon
The “Brick Layer” |
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Protein Synthesis:Translation
After all codons for gene have been read, all amino acids are strung together, protein is complete |
After all codons for gene have been read, all amino acids are strung together, protein is complete
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