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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell
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- is the basic living, structural and functional unit of the body.
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- cell division
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All cells arise from existing cells by .
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cytology
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- the study of the cell
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Plasma membrane
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- surrounds the cell and occurs as a lipid bilayer (two back-to-back lipid layers) with interspersed proteins.
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fluid mosaic
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- proteins can move within the lipids
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Phospholipids
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- orient in a bi-layer to make the basic framework of the membrane.
- represent about 75% of membrane lipids. - serve to prevent the movement of many chemicals through the membrane. - give the membrane flexibility. |
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Glycolipids
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- help form an outer coat on the cell called the glycocalyx.
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Cholesterol
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- strengthens the membrane.
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Membrane proteins
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- they largely determine what function a cell will perform and can vary from cell to cell.
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Ion channels
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- have a water filled pore through which certain ions can pass.
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Transporters (carrier proteins)
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- move a certain polar chemical from one side to the other by changing the transporter’s shape.
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Receptor proteins
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- bond to a specific chemical in the extracellular (outside) fluid to signal the cell to carry out a specific function.
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Ligands
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- are molecules that bond to a specific receptor.
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Enzymes
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- speed up chemical reactions.
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Cell identity markers (glycoproteins)
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- help cells recognize each other.
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Linkers
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- anchor proteins of neighboring cells to each other or they anchor filaments to the plasma membrane.
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Selective permeability
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- the membrane allows some chemicals to pass through but prevents passage of others.
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Of those that pass through the cell membrane:
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-Chemicals that dissolve in lipids (nonpolar) and very small polar molecules pass through the lipids.
- Other molecules will pass through channels or transporters but these are usually very specific as to what they allow through. |
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Fluidity
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- the membrane is flexible enough that it self-seals after being punctured.
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Chemical gradient (change over a space)
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- the selectively permeable membrane maintains different concentrations of various chemicals in the cytosol (fluid inside cell) vs. extracellular fluid.
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electrical gradient
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-in which the extracellular side is slightly positive and the cytosol side is slightly negative.
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Electrochemical
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-gradient is the combined concentration and electrical gradients
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Kinetic energy transport
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- is due to kinetic energy (energy of movement) of chemicals. Some chemicals will pass through the membrane as they are moving around and bump into it.
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Simple diffusion
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- is the movement of a chemical through the phospholipids or ion channel proteins of a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
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Osmosis
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- is the movement of water molecules through a plasma membrane from a higher concentration of water to a lower concentration of water. Water can move through the phospholipids or through channel proteins called aquaporins.
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Facilitated diffusion (facilitated transport)
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- is the movement of a chemical through a transporter protein from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. This does not require energy
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Active transport (requires energy)
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- the cell uses energy to move a chemical from a lower concentration to a higher concentration (against its concentration gradient) through a transporter protein.
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Primary active transport
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- the movement of a chemical across a membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
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Secondary active transport
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- simultaneous movement of Na+ (or H+) and another chemical. This depends on a Na+ (or H+) concentration gradient which is maintained by primary active transport.
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Symporter
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- transporter protein that moves the other chemical in the same direction as Na+.
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Antiporter
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- transporter protein that moves the other chemical in the opposite direction to the Na+.
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Vesicular transport
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- the movement of a material by small membrane-bound spheres (vesicles).
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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- a specific ligand bonds to its receptor on the cell which stimulates that cell to engulf that ligand and form a vesicle.
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Phagocytosis
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- movement of solid particles into the cell by a vesicle.
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Bulk-phase endocytosis (Pinocytosis)
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- movement of fluid with dissolved solutes into the cell by a vesicle.
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Exocytosis
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- a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the outside.
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Transcytosis
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- a substance is moved through a cell, into one side and out the opposite side.
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Osmotic pressure
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is the pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement (water movement) across a membrane. The higher the solute concentration of a solution, the greater its osmotic pressure.
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Tonicity
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is a measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.(E.g. effects of different solutions on the red blood cell (RBC))
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normal saline
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solution is a 0.9% NaCl solution, which is isotonic to red blood cells.
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Intravenous (IV) solutions
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are usually isotonic to prevent damage to RBCs.
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Hypertonic solutions
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- can be used to treat cerebral edema. (There is too much water in the brain tissue so a more hypertonic blood will “draw” water from this tissue.)
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Hypotonic solutions
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- can be used to treat dehydration. (The tissues are dehydrated and blood is used as a vehicle to get more water to them.)
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Cytosol
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- the fluid inside the cell.
- surrounds the other structures. - composed mostly of water - the medium in which many metabolic reactions occur |
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Cytoplasm
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- is the area between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It includes the cytosol and the organelles.
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Cytoskeleton
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- an internal network of protein filaments that serves to maintain cell’s shape, move structures within the cell, and also move the entire cell.
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Centrosome
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- serves as a center for organizing microtubules in dividing cells (mitotic spindle) and nondividing cells.
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Centrioles
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are paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another
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Flagella
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- long whip-like appendages that serve in cell locomotion.
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Cilia
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- short bristle-like appendages
- serve to move materials over the surface of a stationary cell. |
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Ribosomes
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- serve to directly produce the proteins. -tiny spheres that occur free or bound to endoplasmic reticulum -assemble amino acids into proteins
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
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- is studded with ribosomes and acts as a site for synthesis of proteins and phospholipids. It extends from the nuclear membrane
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Smooth ER
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- acts as the major site for synthesis of lipids in general, it also detoxifies toxins.
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Golgi complex
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- 4-6 stacked flattened membranous sacs. Serves to process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane for incorporation into the membrane or for secretion.
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Lysosomes
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- are vesicles (small membrane-bound spheres) that contain digestive enzymes to break down materials for the cell.
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Peroxisomes
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- are vesicles that contain enzymes that detoxify materials.
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Proteosomes
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- breakdown unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins in the cytosol
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Mitochondria (power house)
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- serve to produce ATP using energy from the breakdown of food (cell respiration).
- self-replicate using their own circular DNA - genes (DNA) are usually inherited only from the mother. |
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Nucleus
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- contains the genes which control the structure and many activities of the cell.
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Nuclear envelope
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- the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, it has pores that allow water and dissolved materials in and out.
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Nucleoli
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- smaller spheres in the nucleus that produce the ribosomes.
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Chromosome
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- a single long DNA molecule or two DNAs that are duplicated and attached to each other
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Chromatid
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- half of a duplicated chromosome
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Chromatin
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- the material that is composed of DNA and histone proteins.
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(Chromosomes are composed of ____________)
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Gene
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- is a segment of DNA, which controls one or more traits by coding for a certain polypeptide (part of a protein)
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Genome
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- the total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism (all of their genes).
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Transcription - introns
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- the genetic information on the DNA is passed to a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
-(mRNA is produced from a DNA template) The DNA of the gene unwinds and bonds between the bases break. - A mRNA molecule forms off of one side of the DNA (sense strand) by matching their bases. - In this process the mRNA picks up the genetic information from the DNA. - The sequences of base triplets of DNA serve as templates for copying the info to mRNA. - is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. - Segments of mRNA called ______ are cut out and remaining segments called exons are spliced together before the mRNA leaves the nucleus. Different exons can be spliced together to make a greater variety of proteins. |
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introns
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are Segments of mRNA cut out
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exons
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remaining segments of mRNA are spliced together before the mRNA leaves the nucleus.
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G1 phase (gap phase 1)
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- the cell produces new organelles to replace those that were lost to the other cell in cell division in this phase
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S phase (S = synthesis)
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- the chromosomes are duplicated (new DNA is synthesized) in this phase
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G2 phase (gap phase 2)
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- proteins needed for cell division are produced in this phase
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M phase (M = mitosis)
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- nucleus divides (mitosis) and the cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
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Cyclins
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- proteins that increase in concentration in between cell divisions to activate other chemicals (Cdks) which stimulate division.
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Cyclin
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- dependent protein kinases (Cdks)- proteins that stimulate replication of DNA, or prophase to begin.
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Apoptosis
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- is a normal, genetically programmed cell death that occurs in cells scattered throughout a tissue.
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Necrosis
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- a pathological cell death that results from tissue injury of many adjacent cells, and usually it stimulates an immune response
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Cancer
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- an abnormal, out of control, division of cells which tends to spread to other parts of the body.
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Tumor (neoplasm)
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- excess tissue that develops from uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Metastasis
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- the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
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Benign tumor
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- an abnormal growth of cells that has not spread.
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Malignant tumor
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- an abnormal growth of cells that has spread to other parts of the body.
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glycocalyx
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allows the cell to:
- protect itself from being digested. - become sticky to hold it to other cells. - or hold a fluid layer creating a slippery surface |
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Osmosis
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- movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Water moves from an area of [lower solute] to [higher solute] - occurs only when the membrane is permeable to water but not to certain solutes. |
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[lower solute]
[higher solute] |
in osmosis Water moves from an area of _____ to _____
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Translation
(anticodon) (codon) |
- the base sequence along the mRNA is used (decoded) to make a protein that has a certain sequence of amino acids (A.A.s).
- Ribosomes bond with mRNA and move along it. - Each transfer RNA (tRNA) has a certain sequence of 3 bases exposed at one end _________, and at the other end contains a certain A.A. - As the ribosomes move along the mRNA it helps the corresponding tRNA bond to each triplet of bases on the mRNA called _______. The amino acid on the new tRNA forms a peptide bond with the amino acid next to it and the peptide chain grows (protein) as again a new tRNA again arrives |
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Somatic cell division (mitosis)
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- occurs in all body cells except for those cells that directly produce gametes (sperm or egg).
-produce new cells for growth or replacement of dead and injured cells. - produces 2 daughter cells, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original mother cell. |
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diploid number
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- two of each kind of chromosome
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
stages of somatic sell division in order
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Prophase:
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- Chromosomes condense (thicken)
- Nuclear envelope disappears - Nucleoli disappear - Mitotic spindle forms - Centrosomes move to opposite poles |
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Metaphase:
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- chromosomes line up in a single row along the middle (equator)of the cell.
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Anaphase:
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- chromosomes separate at their centromeres and one copy of each travels to a separate pole.
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Telophase:
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Chromosomes unwind into more diffuse structures
Nuclear envelope reappears Nucleoli reappear Mitotic spindle disappears |
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Reproductive cell division (meiosis)
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- produces gametes (sperm or egg) that will unite to form a new individual in sexual reproduction.
- cuts the chromosome number in half in the gametes to keep the chromosome number constant from generation to generation. - serves to increase genetic variation in a population of individuals. |
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aging
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- Some cells are not replaced because they won’t divide or divide a limited number of times.
- Telomeres at ends of chromosomes erode with each mitosis event. This contributes to cell death. -Loss of elasticity, stiffening, due to glucose forming cross links between proteins. -Free radicals damage cells by oxidizing(stealing e- s from) lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. -Autoimmune responses |
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Autoimmune responses
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- as cells age, their cell identity markers sometimes change, which stimulates the immune response to attack those cells.
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cancer
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The root cause are mutations in the genes that normally control cell division, to form oncogenes.
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Carcinogens
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- chemicals or radiation that cause cell mutations.
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oncogene
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- produces an abnormal protein that stimulates cell division. (e.g. abnormal cell division signals or receptor proteins)
- Or can produce a growth factor in excessive amounts or at the wrong time. -A chromosomal rearrangement occurs to bring a regulator gene near a dormant _______ to activate it. |
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virus
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A _______ may splice an oncogene into a cell’s DNA when it invades that cell.
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Tumor suppressor genes
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inhibit cell division, but if a mutation occurs to make them nonfunctional, then cancer can develop.
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epidemiology
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science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in humans
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pharmacology
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science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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anaplasia
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the loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic in most malignancies
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atrophy
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decrease in size of cells
susequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ wasting away |
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displasia
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alteration in size, shape, and organization of cell due to chronic irritation or inflammation that may progress to neoplasia or revert to normal if irritation is removed
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hyperplasia
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increase in the number of cells due to cell division
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hypertrophy
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increase in the size of cells without cell division
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metaplasia
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transformation of one type of cell into another
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progeny
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offspring or decendents
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proteomics
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the study of all an organisms proteins in order to identify the proteins produced - so that drugs can be designed to alter protein activity to help in the treatment/diagnosis of a disease
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tumor marker
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substance introduced in to circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence and what type of tumor
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