Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hormones are secreted into |
The bloodstream |
|
In order for a hormone to be effective its target cell must have a: |
receptor for the hormone. |
|
What type of hormone is synthesized from cholesterol? |
steroid hormones |
|
Which pair of hormones is hydrophilic? |
peptide and catecholamine hormones |
|
Which hormones must bind to transport proteins in order to reach their target cells? |
hydrophobic hormones |
|
Negative feedback control of hormone secretion begins when a |
rising level of hormone is detected by the gland that produced it. |
|
The endocrine system works closely with the ______ to control and coordinate the intricate parts and functions of the body. |
nervous system |
|
The hypothalamus gland is physically attached to what other endocrine gland? |
pituitary gland |
|
Which hormone does the hypothalamus gland produce? |
oxytocin |
|
Which gland is the master endocrine gland? |
pituitary |
|
When oxytocin is released into the bloodstream, what is one of its effects? |
milk letdown |
|
Which hormones are responsible for male secondary sex characteristic development? |
androgens |
|
Where is insulin produced? |
pancreas |
|
The hormonal part of the “flight-or-fight” response is produced in the |
adrenal glands |
|
The target for luteinizing hormone in females is |
ovaries |
|
The anterior pituitary gland produces somatotropin, which is also known as |
growth hormone |
|
Where is antidiuretic hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus stored before its release into the bloodstream? |
posterior pituitary gland |
|
Bovine somatotropin (BST) is used to |
increase milk production in dairy cows |
|
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is produced by the |
anterior pituitary gland |
|
In a male, follicle-stimulation hormone |
stimulates spermatogenesis |
|
Dwarfism is a result of |
GH deficiency |
|
In a male, prolactin |
has no known effect |
|
The hormone that results in a rise in blood glucose when it is released into the bloodstream is |
glucoagon |
|
Which drug will cause a female to “superovulate” in preparation for embryo transfer? |
FSH |
|
The primary target for glucocorticoid hormone is the |
whole body |
|
The function of ADH is to |
conserve water |
|
Animals that suffer from a deficiency of ADH are likely to show clinical signs that include |
polydipsia |
|
The gland that helps regulate the body’s blood calcium levels is the |
parathyroid gland |
|
Administration of which classification of drugs can cause effects that mimic the body’s natural white blood cell stress response? |
glucocorticosteroids |
|
The most active form of thyroid hormone is |
triiodothyronine |
|
How does the metabolic rate affect an animal’s core temperature? |
As the metabolic rate increases, so does the animal’s core temperature. |
|
When a normal, healthy animal is exposed to cold temperatures, what happens to the production of thyroid hormone? |
It is increased to increase the animal's metabolic rate |
|
Which two hormones are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of blood calcium levels? |
parathyroid homone and calcitonin |
|
Milk fever and eclampsia are two pathologic conditions that result from |
hypocalcemia |
|
Which gland is not located in the head and neck area of an animal? |
adrenal gland |
|
The term iatrogenic means |
caused by treatment |
|
Aldosterone helps regulate __ levels in the body. |
electrolytes |
|
The fight-or-flight hormones are |
epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
|
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by a deficiency of |
insulin |
|
The principle androgen produced in the testes is |
testosterone |
|
Estrogens are produced when __ induces ovaries to develop follicles. |
FSH |
|
In most animal species ovulation occurs when the blood level of __ peaks. |
LH |
|
Melatonin is produced by the |
pineal body |
|
Besides the gonads, which other gland produces sex hormones? |
adrenal cortex |
|
The gland that plays a direct role in development of the immune system is the: |
thymus |
|
Erythropoietin affects the development of |
red blood cells |
|
Amylase- aids in the digestion of 1.____________________. |
1. carbohydrates and starches |
|
If an anticoagulant is used when collecting a blood sample, the fluid obtained from the sample after it has been centrifuged is |
plasma |
|
There are 13 clotting factors. What is the minimum number of factors that can be deficient or absent before blood will not clot? |
0 |
|
EDTA is a/an |
anticoagulant. |
|
_____________ are blood cells that have specific granules in their cytoplasm when the cells are mature. |
Granulocytes |
|
An example of an agranulocytic leukocyte is a/an |
lymphocyte. |
|
A term that describes normal monocyte production is |
monocytopoiesis |
|
An animal that has been vomiting frequently for the past 5 days and has been eating or drinking very little will most likely suffer from |
hemoconcentration. |
|
In a 3-year-old sheep most leukocyte production takes place in the |
red bone marrow. |
|
Yellow bone marrow is composed primarily of |
fat cells |
|
Which of the following cells is the most primitive? megakaryocyte pluripotential stem cell unipotential stem cell |
pluripotential stem cell |
|
The rate of erythropoiesis is controlled by erythropoietin, which is a/an |
hormone produced by the kidney. |
|
An NRBC (nucleated RBC) is __ a mature erythrocyte. |
less mature than |
|
Polychromasia seen in erythrocytes is a sign of |
immaturity |
|
A megakaryocyte will eventually produce |
thrombocytes. |
|
Which mature blood cell is described as a non-nucleated biconcave disc? |
erythrocyte |
|
How many heme molecules are contained in one hemoglobin molecule? |
4 |
|
One hemoglobin molecule can carry how many molecules of oxygen? |
4 |
|
Oxygen carried in a hemoglobin molecule is bound to a/an |
iron atom |
|
What gives hemoglobin its natural color? |
the heme molecule |
|
What nutrient do erythrocytes utilize to stay alive in a blood collection tube filled with blood? |
glucose |
|
A senescent erythrocyte is a/an __ erythrocyte. |
aged |
|
The organ in an animal’s body that is the primary site of extravascular hemolysis is the |
spleen |
|
Stercobilin is a/an |
pigment |
|
Stercobilinogen is a breakdown product of |
heme |
|
Jaundice (icterus) could be a result of |
excessive amounts of unconjugated bilirubin. |
|
The PCV is determined using |
whole blood with an anticoagulant added |
|
The normal reference range for the hematocrit in an adult dog is 35% to 57%. Rex, an adult Golden Retriever, has a hematocrit of 15%. This is an indication that Rex might |
be anemic |
|
Which one of the following blood tests would measure the average size of an erythrocyte in a blood sample? |
mean corpuscular volume |
|
When performing a manual differential white blood cell count, how many white blood cells do you count per stained blood smear? |
100 white blood cells |
|
If you counted 95% neutrophils on a cow’s differential white blood cell count and the normal range is 15% to 33%, this would be classified as a |
neutrophilia |
|
The process by which blood is prevented from leaking out of damaged blood vessels is |
hemostasis |
|
During hemostasis which process occurs first? |
platelet adhesion |
|
The function of ALL white blood cells is |
defense |
|
The PMN is also known as a/an |
neutrophil |
|
Where do neutrophils mature in a normal, healthy animal? |
red bone marrow |
|
An immature neutrophil with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus is called a |
band cell |
|
If immature neutrophils are observed in peripheral blood, the condition is called a |
left shift |
|
White blood cells use peripheral blood for |
transportation |
|
You are looking at a stained smear of horse blood and you see a leukocyte with large red granules in its cytoplasm. What cell are you most likely seeing? |
eosinophil |
|
What is the minimum number of nuclear lobes seen in a hypersegmented neutrophil? |
6 |
|
The process by which a neutrophil squeezes between the cells of the endothelium to leave a blood vessel and enter tissue is called |
diapedesis |
|
The process by which neutrophils are attracted to the site of an infection by the interaction between microorganisms and tissue is called
|
chemotaxis |
|
The process by which neutrophils engulf invading foreign microorganisms is called |
phagocytosis |
|
This granulocyte makes up less than 1% of the circulating leukocytes. |
basophil |
|
Which leukocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity? |
T lymphocyte |
|
Immunoglobulins are produced by which leukocyte? |
plasma cell |
|
Natural killer cells are a type of |
lymphocyte |
|
One antibody type has thousands of antigen receptors on its cell surface. How many types of antigens will typically fit these receptors? |
1 |
|
Blastic transformation of B lymphocytes will produce |
plasma cells |
|
When monocytes enter tissue they become |
macrophages |
|
Along with tissue macrophages, which leukocytes make up the mononuclear phagocyte system? |
monocytes |
|
Which set of vessels may contain one-way valves to prevent backflow? |
veins and lymph vessels |
|
Lymph from the digestive tract is called |
chyle |
|
Where would you look for the thymus in a young animal? |
cranial thorax |
|
You would most likely see postprandial lipemia |
shortly after an animal has eaten.
|
|
Which vessel carries lymph into a lymph node? |
afferent lymph vessel |
|
The organ that is made up of white pulp and red pulp is the: |
spleen |
|
Tonsils differ from lymph nodes in that they |
are NOT encapsulated |
|
Any organism that is capable of causing disease is considered a/an |
pathogen |
|
An animal’s first line of defense against potential disease-causing organisms is the |
SKIN |
|
Excessive numbers of chylomicrons in blood can cause |
lipemia |
|
Where on an animal would you look for the popliteal lymph node? |
caudal aspect of the hamstring muscles |
|
Which blood cell becomes a macrophage when it enters tissue? |
monocyte |
|
A dendritic cell is a macrophage found in |
lymph nodes |
|
The ______ immune system is fast to respond to foreign invaders |
INNATE |
|
External innate immunity depends on |
intact skin |
|
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are the four cardinal signs of inflammation. A fifth sign that is frequently added is |
loss of function |
|
Lysosomes in the cytoplasm of a phagocyte contain |
digestive enzymes |
|
The two most important functions of the complement system are to alter microbial cell membranes and |
initiate an inflammatory response. |
|
The complement system can alter a microbial cell membrane through a process of ___ that makes the microbe more “visible” to a phagocyte. |
opsonization |
|
The type of cytokine that is produced by virus-infected cells and attaches to the cell membranes of nearby noninfected cells is a/an |
interferon |
|
_______ ______ _____ are part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. |
Natural killer cells |
|
Another name for programmed cell death caused by NK cells is |
apoptosis |
|
________ ________ is associated with memory cells. |
Adaptive immunity |
|
An immunoglobulin is also known as a/an |
antibody |
|
What cell is responsible for production, storage, and release of antibodies? |
plasma cell |
|
Which specific type of immunity is involved in antibody production? |
humoral immunity |
|
The first immunoglobulin produced by newborn animals is |
IgM |
|
The type of immunoglobulin produced through intranasal vaccination is |
IgA |
|
The most common immunoglobulin produced after an animal has been exposed to a pathogen for a long time is |
IgG |
|
What type of immunologic cell can protect an animal from a pathogen after the animal’s initial exposure and during a subsequent exposure? |
memory B cell |
|
Helper T cells help the immune response by secreting __ into the surrounding tissue. |
cytokines |
|
What type of cell will INHIBIT helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells? |
regulatory T cells |
|
An attenuated vaccine contains |
modified live virus |
|
Transplacental antibody transfer from mother to fetus is an example of |
passive immunity. |
|
The virulence of a pathogen refers to |
the relative strength of the pathogen. |
|
The type of hypersensitivity reaction that can be associated with a severe allergic reaction from a second exposure to an antigen is |
type I reaction |
|
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia results from a |
type II reaction |
|
If you see a lymphocyte on a stained blood smear, it is most likely what type of lymphocyte? |
B cell |