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91 Cards in this Set
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Plasma membrane structure, description
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double layer of phospholipids with proteins scattered withing the membrane; it is selectively permeable as determined by the size, charge, and solubility of the entering molecule.
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What can enter the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
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the phospolipid bilayer allows anthing fat-soluble to come into the cell. anything water-soluble is repelled.
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If substance is water soluble, how does it enter the cell?
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Things such as NaCl can enter the cell via protein channels. However, some very large molecules cannot get through based on size alone.
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Microvilli
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help to increase surface area. These are non-motile and are only found on certain cells.
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Cilia
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"eyelash"... motile; move substances over the surface of a stationary cell. These cause movement by continually bending/straigtening.
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Flagellum
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motile; longer than both cilia and microvilli. These are whip-like structres that move cells. Their purpose is to move; all cells with these have only one. Prime example: sperm
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Diffusion
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No energy expended by cell; some small materials may diffuse/pass through the cell membrane on their own. This is based on substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
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Exocytosis
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process by which cellular matierals exit the cell. Materials are packaged within vesicles, which fuse with cell membrane and release the contents of the vesicle. ATP causes this vessicle to move.
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Endocytosis
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process by which materials are brought into the cell. Cellular membrane invaginated around material, fuses into a circle within a cell and becomes a vesicle within the cytoplasm.
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Phagocytosis
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"cellular eating;" ingestion of large particles (phag = to eat).
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Pinocytosis
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pin = drinking, "cellular sipping." Ingestion of fluid and some particles b cell. ATP used.
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Mitochondria
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creates ATP, is the powerhouse of the cell
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Ribosomes
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involved in protein synthesis; either free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize matierals.
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Rough ER
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Has ribosomes on the walls; transports proteins made by ribosomes
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Smooth ER
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has no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, mainly steroids; detoxifies drugs and alcohol. Found mainly in the liver and the reproductive organs (steroids are sex hormones)
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Golgi Apparatus
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Several C-shaped sacs near the nucleus. Packages materials for secretion, forms lysosomes, and receives proteins from rER and modifies the proteins to be released from the cell.
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Lysosomes
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contain digestive enzymes. Eat things in the cell.
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Centrioles
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involved in cell division; migrate to either end of the cell during mitosis. They are made of tubes which eventually migrate out to become mitotic spindles. In order for a cell to divide, it needs mitotic spindles (hence, neurons, which lack these, do not multiply).
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DNA composition/Replication
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made of nucleotides (which consist of phosphate, sugar, and a base); double-helix in shape; replicate by unzipping to form two halves--free nucleotides will attach to these two halves and form two new identical strands.
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Mitosis: prophase
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Two chromatids joined by a centromere are pulled apart; spindle fibers extend from centrioles to chromatids; dissolution of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus--note this does not mean the complete disappearance of it, just a hiatus, as it is needed later as a building block.
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Mitosis: metaphase
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chromasomes align along center of cell.
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Mitosis: anaphase
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chromatids split apart at centromere; each set of chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
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Mitosis: Telophase
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cleavage furrow created; chromasomes uncoil; nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform; cytokinesis may or may not occur. If not, then the cell has two nuclei
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Cytokinesis
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the separation of the cytoplasm (the nucleus has already been separated).
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Mitosis
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produces two cells containing 46 chromosomes. Daughter cells are formed, which are identical to original cell; cells are diploid--they have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
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Meiosis
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produces four cells containing only 23 chromosomes each. These cells have a haploid number of chromosomes (only one of each chromosome). Four cells are produced, each with 23 single chromosomes. These are haploid gametes. Unlikely that there will ever be identical haploid gametes.
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Meiosis process
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Starts off with a cell whose DNA was duplicated during interphase (specifically the S phase); two consecutive meiotic divisions.
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Meiosis: Prophase 1
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46-92 chromosomes; these form 23 tetrads (or groups of four)-- which is called synapsis. This did not happen during mitosis. Cross over also occurs
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Cross over
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process by which genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes
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Meiosis: Metaphase 1
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Tetrads line up in the middle of the cells.
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Meiosis: Anaphase 1
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Tetrads are pulled apart
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Meiosis: Telophase 1
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Chromosome pairs pulled to poles.
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Meiosis: Prophase 2
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No synapsis or cross over; spindle fibers appear
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Meiosis: Metaphase 2
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chromosome pairs line up at the middle.
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Meiosis: Anaphase 2
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Centromere is split and single chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
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Meiosis: Telophase 2
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The single chromosomes reach the poles
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Epithelia
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covers body/organ surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands. All have a basement membrane. Very cellular; always has a free surface; avascular (without vessels)
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Simple Squamous Epithelia
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one layer of flattened cells; found lining the lumen (cavity) of blood vessels (endothelium), tiny air sacs of lungs, covers organs, and lines body cavities; functions as a rappid diffuser and filter.
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
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one layer of cube-shaped cells, aka Glandular; found lining the ducts and tubules of the body (eg salivary glands and kidneys).. have many ducts ("gardne hoses") and tubules ("fire hoses"). Function in secretion and absorption.
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Simple columnar epithelia
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one layer of tall, rectangular-shaped cells, may have microvilli, goblet cells, or cilia; found lining most of the GI tract; function in secretion of enzymes or mucus and the absorption of nutrients.
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Pseudostratified Columnar epithelia
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one layer of columnar or irregularly shaped cells. some kinds have cilia and goblet cells. found lining the trachea and bronchi; function in protecting by way of removal of dirt-laden mucus and secretion of mucus, which is moved upward against gravity.
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Stratified squamous epithelia
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upper layers of cells are flattened, lower layers appear cuboidal. The deepest layers are mitotic and either keratinized or non-keratinized
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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contains keratin, most superficial layers are dead cells (like in skin); found in the epidermis and function in protection (is a barrier and is NOt ciliated).
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia
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most superficial layers are alive and kept moist. found lining the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, vagina, and lower part of the anal canal. funtions as a protectant barrier.
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Transitional epithelia
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some cells are binucleated; surface cells may be dome shaped or flattened. found in most of the urinary tract and withstands distension (or stretching) and relaxing of the bladder.
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Glandular epithelia
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specialized tissues that have excretory functions; excretes to a free surface.
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Unicellular tissue of exocrine glands
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often have goblet cells, which are modified columnar cells that secrete mucus; found in the respiratory and digestive systems; function to secrete mucus.
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Multicellular tissues of the exocrine glands
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secrete materials through a duct, which is a tubular passageway that allows secretion to come to the surface.
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Merocrine glands
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secrete a watery fluid through the cell membrane (continuously, not just all at once--like saliva)
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Apocrine glands (APO = a portion of)
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top part of the cell is pinched off, it bcomes the secretion.. example: mammary glands
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Holocrine gland (holistic = whole)
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entire cell is released and it ruptures and dies. one example is a sebaceous gland.
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Connective tissue
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binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs; derived from mesenchymes (or embryonic connective tissue, aka stem cells). Consists of cells (no free surface), matrix (the nonliving material surrounding cells made of fibers and a ground substance), and it varies in vascularity.
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Fibers
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protein; these connet the cells in the tissues to one another. Are either collagen, elastin, or reticular.
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Areolar Connective tissue
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contains fibrolasts, which are many irregularly arraged fibers--very vascular; found surrounding the nerves, muscles, and some organs. This is a ubiquitous tissue, as it is found almost everywhere in the body. Functions in packaging and building material.
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Adipose Tissue
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contains adipocytes; found primarily in the hypodermis of the skin; functions as an energy source (2 times as much as carbs), insulation against temperature changes, and protection (absorbs shock)
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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very vascular; contains fibrolasts; proteins fibers found within are irregularly arranged; foun in the dermis of the skin; provides strength and support (resists tension)--with increased proteins and fibers comes increased strength.
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Dense Regular Connective tissue
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contains fibrolasts; protein fibers are arranged in parallel bundles. poorly vascularized, but very organized. found in the tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone); provides very strong support and resists tension.
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Cartilage
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semisolid matrix; avascular (to form them, though, some blood vessels are needed; once formed they are no longer needed); flexible; heals slowly; cells are chondroblasts and chondrocytes; cells in lacunae (cell sits in these)
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Hyaline Cartilage
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clear-filled with hundreds of tiny fibers, but do not show up on light microscope. matrix contains very fine collagen fibers; found on articular surfaces, nasal septum, and fetal skeleton--even after birth this remains for some time. functions in support.
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Fibrocartilage
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matrix contains thick collagen fibers; found in intervertebral disks, the symphis pubis (area between hip bones), and menisca of the knee; functions in support and withstands compression--can be compressed and then spring back to normal thickness.
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Elastic cartilage
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matrix contains numerous elastic fibers; found in the outer ear, larynx (voice box), and epiglottis; funtions in flexibility and strength.
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Bone (osseous connective tissue)
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matrix is rigid; three kinds of cells found here: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Can either be spongy or compact.
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Spongy bone
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"canellons"... inner lattice-work of bone; hemopoeitic (manufacturing blood cells) tissue found within the spaces of the bone.
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Vascular Connective Tissue (Blood)
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Contains blood cells (or formed elements) and a liquid matrix called plasma (the abundancy of which is based upon fluid intake). Functions in transport (of oxygen primarily).
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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"visceral," found in the walls of hollow organs; spindle-shaped cells; one centrally located nucleus.
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Short, cylindrical cells; some cells are bifurcated; has either one or two centrally located nuclei; only tissue in the body that contains intercalated discs (which function in holding the muscle together; always stains darker than striations).
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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attaches to the skeletal bones. They have long, cylindrical cells; multinucleated; striated; nuclei located at the periphery of the cell.
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Nervous Tissue
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makes up the nervous system; there are two types: neurons (highly branced and generate and conduct nerve impulses) and the supporting cells (neuroglia--or glia, for glue) that support, protect, and nouris neurons.
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Integumentary system
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skin, exocrine glands, hair, nails, associated blood vessels, associated nerves... covers the entire body and is an organ, the largest at that.
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Epidermis
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outer layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epitherlium; avascular; thick skin has five layers while thin has four.
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Dermis
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middle layer; composed of dense irregular connective tissue; contains nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands; dermal papillae (elevations of the tissue): prosections of the dermis into the epidermis... holds the epidermis in place.
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Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
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deepest layer; stores fat and anchors layers to other tissues- like muscle or bone. composed of areolar connective tissue and adipse connective tissue.
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Stratum Basale
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a single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane; these cells are very mitotic.
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Stratum spinosum
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several layers of polygonal-shaped cells with spines -just superficial to the stratum basale.
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Stratum granulosum
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three to five layers of flattened cells with visible granules; cells undergo keratinization here.
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Keratinization
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the process by which the nucleus shrivels up, cell dies, and cell fills up with the protein keratin, a flat sheet of protein.
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Stratum lucidum
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two to three layers of dead, anucleated, clear cells; only found in thick skin (lucid - clear)
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stratum corneum
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20-30 layers of dead, anucleated cells (cornified = brittle, hardened); outer cells are continually shed.
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Keratinocytes
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the squamous epithelial cells; most numerous at 90%; found in all layers, producing keratin.
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Melanocytes
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second most numerous at 8%; found only in the stratume basale; produce melanin, a pigmental protein; provides protection against UV light.
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Merkel Cells
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third most numerous at 1%; found only in the stratum basale; provide information regarding tactile (light touch) sensation- is a sensory receptor.
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Langerhans cells
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fourth most numerous at less than 1%; found primarily in the stratum spinosum and are phagocitic in nature.
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Papillary layer
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uppermost layer of the dermis; composed of dermal papillae; cotains blood vessels (capillaries); sensory receptors (neurons); poertions of ducts of glands and portions of hair shafts. Sensitive to light touch, pain, heat, and cold.
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Reticular layer
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deepest layer of the dermis; contains blood vessels, sensory receptors (sensitive to deep touch and pressures), secretory portions of glands (eg sweat glands), hair follicles (cells that make hair).
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Hair
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derived out of the epidermis; has three parts, a bulb, root, and shaft; has arrector pili muscle (made from smooth muscle) that will often contract when body is under stress, forming goosebumps; functions to protect from UV light, trauma, and heat loss.
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Nails
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formed from stratum corneum; functions are support and grasping ability.
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Sebaceous glands
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oil = sebum; epidermal cells have dove down to dermis to create these. Associated with hair follicles. Function in lubrication and bactericidal activities (as they are acidic they can kill many forms of bacteria).
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Eccrin glands
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a type of sweat gland that typically has no smell and is found everywhere releasing perspiration.
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Apocrine gland
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a tye of sweat gland that has a thicker sweat and whose function is mainly to cool. found in the axillary and pubic regions; secretes sweat into hair shafts; releases an odiferous secretion (the sweat smells)... this is most likely a chemical attractant.
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Ceruminous gland
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cerumen = ear wax; modified sweat glands in external auditory canals, which is the only place you will find this sort of sweat gland. This sort of excretion is an insect repellant and is waterproofing agent to keep our ear canal moist.
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