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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?
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Support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, store blood producing cells, storage of energy
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What are the four cell types that make up the connective tissue bone?
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Osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte
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Why are bones hard?
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The collagen fibers framework around where the mineral salts crystallize.
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What is the unit of the compact bone?
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Osteon (Haversian canal)
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What is the spongy bone unit?
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Trabeculae
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How does ossification start?
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Mesenchymal embryonic connective tissue cell -> ostoprogenitor cell -> chondroblast + osteoblast
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What is ossification inside the membrane called?
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Intramembranous ossification
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What kinds of bones form by intramembranous ossification?
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Surface skull bones and clavicles
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What is ossification inside the cartilage called?
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Endochondral ossification
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What kinds of bones form by endochondral ossification?
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Basiliar skull bones, rest of the skeletal system
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What happens when the bone shows up as a hot spot on bone scan?
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Bone with increase vascularity take up more isotope and show as a hot spot on a bone scan. It can indicate regular bone growth or a pathology.
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What is an epiphyseal plate?
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The cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis which allows for bone growth
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What is bone growth controlled by?
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Human growth hormone, pituitary, sex hormones
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What indicates the end of bone growth?
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Epiphyseal line
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What is osteogenic sarcoma?
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Cancer in osteoblasts, long bones in young people, often mestasize
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How does the skeletal system remodel?
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New bone formed by osteoblasts, old bone destroyed by osteoclasts
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How is the calcium balanced in the body?
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Osteoblast deposits calcium, osteoclast releases calcium
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What is normal bone growth determined by?
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Sufficient calcium, phosphorus, boron, manganese, Vitamin C, A, D, hormones hGH, calcitonin, PTH, sex hormones, insulin and thyroid hormone levels
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What does the presence of mechanical stress do for the bones?
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Increases matrix deposition
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What does the lack of mechanical stress do for the bones?
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Increase osteoclast activity
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What is the piezolectric effect?
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Weak electric current caused by mineral components of bone tissue under mechanical stress which causes a stimulatory effect on osteoblast production
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Where does bone tissue come from?
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Mesenchymal cells during the 6th or 7th week of life
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What is the notochord?
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Eventually replaced by the vertebral column
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RIckets
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vitamin d deficiency in children
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osteomalacice
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vitamin D deficiency in adults
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What happens when there is a lack of vitamin D
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soft bones
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What is Paget's disease?
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massive osteoclastic resorption and extensive bone formation
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Ostemyelitis
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Infectious disease of bone involving periosteum, marrow, cartilage
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What are the four shapes that bones can come in?
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Long, short, flat, irregular
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What are the types of bones that are determined by location?
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Sutural and sesamoidal
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How many bones does the appendicular skeleton does?
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126
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How many bones does the axial skeleton have?
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80
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What are sutures?
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Immovable joints found in skulls
Coronal, sagittal, lamboidal, squamosal |
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Fontanels
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Soft spots in an infants skull that allows for rapid growth
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Black eye
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Accumulation of fluid along the brow ridge
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What is a cleft palate/cleft lip?
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Lack of fusion of palatine and maxillary bones during fetal development - fixed by surgery, speech therapy, and orthodontia
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What is sinusitis?
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Membrane of paranasal sinuses become inflammed from infection/allergic rxn
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What is DNS (deviated nasal septum)?
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Lateral deflection of septum from midline, resulted from improper fusion of septal bones and cartilage
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The orbits that contain the eyeballs contain how many bones?
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Fusion of seven different skull bones
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What do the foramina permit?
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Passage of blood vessels, nerves, and other structures
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What is unique about the hyoid bone?
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Does not articulate with no other bone of the body
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What does the hyoid bone do?
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Attachment point for muscles and ligaments of tongue, pharynx, and neck
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How many bones does the vertebral column consist of?
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26 bones
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What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
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Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 into 1), coccygeal (4 into 1)
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What are the four curves in the vertebral column?
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THoracic, sacral, cervical, lumbar
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What is gravity inversion?
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Some people decompress the vertebral column
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Where do whiplash injuries occur?
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Traumaic contact between the dens of the axis bone and the spinal cord or medulla oblongata of the brain
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What is caudal anesthesia
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Used during labor, causes numbness in regions innervated by sacral and coccygeal nerves
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What does thorax consist of?
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Sternum, ribs, bodies of thoracic vertebrae
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What is a sternal puncture?
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Aspirate red bon marrow for biopsy
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What is a herniated (slipped) disc?
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Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into an adjacent vertebral body
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What are common abnormal curves of the spine?
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Scoliosis (lateral), kyphosis (thoracic), lordosis (lumbar)
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What is spina bifida?
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Congenital defect cause by failure of the vertebral laminar to unite at midline.
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Which vertebrae is most often fractured?
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T5, T6, T9-L2, caused by flexion-compression type injuries
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What parts of the skeleton are included in the appendicular skeleton?
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Pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities
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What comprises the pectoral girdle?
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Pair of bones, a clavicle and scapula
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How many bones does the upper extremity have?
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30 bones on each side
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Where are the radius and ulna located?
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Radius on the thumb, ulna on the little finger
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Colles' fracture
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Fracture of the distal end of the radius, occuring when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched hand
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How many bones comprise the wrist?
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8 carpal bones
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How many bones comprise the palm?
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5 metacarpals
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How many phalanges are in each hand?
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14 phalanges, three in each finger, two in each thumb
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What forms the pelvis?
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Sacrum, coccyx, coxal hips
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What are the three separate bones in each coxal? Where are they fused?
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illium, pubis, ischium, fused at te acetabulum which is the hip socket
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Patella
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sesamoid bone, anterior to knee joint
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Tibia and fibula
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Parallel bones in leg, tibia is medial and holds most weight
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How many tarsals in ankle?
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7
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How many bones are in each foot?
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14
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Flatfoot and clawfoot
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Caused by decline or elevation of medial longitudinal arches
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Bunion
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deformity of the great toe
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Articulation/Joint
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Contact between bones, cartlage and bones, between teeth and bones
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Synarthroses
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Immovable
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Amphiarthroses
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Slightly movable
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Arthroses
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Freely movable
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Fibrous joints
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Synarthrotic, closely together by fibrous connective tissue, sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Syndesmoses
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Greater amounts of fibrous connective tissue between bones and more flexible than sutures, amphiarthrotic (tibia and fibula)
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Gomphosis
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Fibrous, cone shaped peg fits into a socket. Synarthrotic. Teeth and jaws.
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Cartilaginous
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Held together by cartilage, synarthrotic, synchondroses and symphyses
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Synchondroses
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Immovable joint, conn tisse is hyaline cartilage ie: epiphyseal plate
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Symphysis
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Broad flatdisc of fibrocartilage, amphiarthrotic
Intervertebral disc and symphysis pubis |
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What does a typical synovial joint have?
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Synovial joint cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule
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Articular capsule
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Two layers: fbrous capsule, inner synovial membrane.
Has synovial fluid, lubricates and provides nourishment |
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Arthrocentesis
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Medical procedure which allows removal of some synovial fluid for analysis or to relieve painful pressure
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Arthroscopy
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Insertion of alghted instrument through all incision into a joint for examinatio of damage from injury or disease.
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Bursae
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Sac like strcture between bones and other structures to reduce fiction
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Brusitis
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Inflammation o fbursae
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Humeroscapular joint
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Ball and socket, head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.
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Coxal joint
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Head of femur and acetabulum of coxal.
Ball and socket |
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Tibiofemoral joint
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Largest joit. Three joints: gliding, two hinge (patella), femur, and tibia.
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Rheumatism
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Any painful state of supporting structures o the body
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Gouty arthritis
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Sodium urate crystals ae deposited in soft issues of joints, causes inflammation, swelling, and pain
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Sprain
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forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint with partial rupture to its atachments with no dislocation
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Strain
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stretching of the muscle
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Subluxation
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Partial dislocation
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What are the four principal characteristics for muscle tissue?
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Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
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Through contraction, what three fxns does muscle perform?
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motion, maintenance of postue, heat production
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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Epimysium
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Covering entire muscle
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Perimysium
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covering fasciculi
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Endomysium
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Covering fibers
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Tendons
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Connective tissue beyond muscle cells that attach the muscle to bone or other muscle
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Tendon sheaths
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Certain tendons and allow them to slide back and forth more easily
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Tenosynovitis
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Inflammation of tendon sheaths and synovial membranes of certain joints
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Thin myofilaments are composed of _____, ________, and _______
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actin, tropomyosin, troponin
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Thick myofilaments consist of _____
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myosin
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Sliding filament theory
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Action potential travels over sarcolemma and enters transverese tubules and affect SR. Release CA from sarcoplasm
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What is the actual contraction
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Thin myofilaments of a sarcomere slide toward each other as myosin cross brdiges pull on the actin myofilaments
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Motor neuron
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Transmits a nerve impulse to a skeletal muscle where it serves as a stimulus for contraction
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Neuromuscular junction
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Axon terminal of a motor neuron and the portion of the muscle fiber sarcolemma in close approx with it (motor end plate)
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What is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
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ACH
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Motor neuron
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Together with al the muscle fibers it stimulates forms a motor unit
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Recruitment
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Process of increasing the number of active motor units
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What does ATPase do?
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Splits ATP intp ADP + P and the released energy activates myosin cross bridges
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Summarize the physiology of contraction.
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Nerve impulse reaches axon terminal -? synaptic vesicles release ACH -> intitates muscle axn potential in sarcolemma -> muscle action potential travels into transverse tubules -> SR releases stored calcium -> ATPase splits ATP into ADP+P and released energy activates myosin cross bridges -> cross bridges attatch to actin -> power stroke -> movement results in sliding of thin myofilaments -> repeat detachment and reattachment of x-bridges results in isotonic contraction or isometric contraction -> release of ACH in the neuromuscular jxn destroys ach and strop continuous generation of muscle acn potential -> ca ions resequestered in SR and myosin x-bridges separate -> muscle fiber resumes rest in state
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Rigor mortis
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state of muscular rigidity following death, results from lack of ATP to split myosin-actin cross bridges
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What is the direct source of energy of contraction?
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ATP
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What provides the initial energy for short bursts of maximal contraction?
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Phosphocreatine and ATp constitute the phosphagen system
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How can the glycogen-lactic acid system provide energy?
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Glycolysis to sustain 30-40 second sof maximal muscular activity after phosphocreatine supply is depleted
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All or None principle
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Once a threshold stimulus is applied, individual muscle fibers of a motor unit contract to their fullest extent or will not contract at all, conditions must remain constant.
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Electromyography
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Medical test to evluate electrical activity in resting and contracting muscles. Analyzes muscular weakness and paralysis, involuntary muscle twitching, abnormal levels of muscle enzymes, component of biofeedback studies
- ALS is detected by it |
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What are the different kinds of contractions?
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Twitch, tetanus, treppe, isotonic, isometric
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Myogram
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Record of a contraction
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What are the several factors of the amount of muscle tension?
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Frequency of stimulation, number of active motor units, contractile or elastic muscle fibers, length of muscle fibers
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Hypotonia
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Condition of less than normal tone
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Hypertonia
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Increased muscle tone and is expressed either as spasticity or rigidity
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Type I skeletal muscle fiber
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Slow twitch or slow oxidative
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Type IIB
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Fast twitch or fast glycolytic fibers
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Type IIA
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Fast twitch or fast oxidative fibers
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Regeneration of muscle tissue
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Skeletal: no divide, limited regen
Cardiac: cannot divide or regenerate Smooth: limited divide and regen |
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Where do muscles develop from?
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Mesoderm
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Fibrosis
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Fibrous connective tissue form in places where it's not supposed to form
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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degeneration of individual muscle fibers
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Myasthenia graivis
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Autoimmune, great muscular weakness, fatigue resulting from improper neuromuscular transmission
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Origin
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Attachment to stationary bone
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Insertion
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Attachment to movable bone
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Malignant muscle tumor - mestasize rapidly
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Functions of skeletal muscles
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Movement, support soft tissues, control/guard entrances and exits of body, stability, thermogenesis
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