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397 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Gross Anatomy |
1) Systems Approach 2) Regional Approach 3) Arnet's Hybrid |
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Microscopic Anatomy |
1) Histolgy 2) Cytology |
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Pathology |
Abnormal disease/ anatomy |
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Physiology |
Function--How it works |
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Root Prefix Suffix |
Root-Core meaning of term Prefix-modifes core meaning Suffix-modifies core meaning |
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Organism |
All systems that keep a thing living. |
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Cytology |
Study of the cells |
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Histology |
Study of the tissue |
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????Study of the organ system???? |
Anatomy??? |
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Integrumentary |
Function: Protection, homeostasis Principal Organs: Skin, Skin Glands, Hair, Nails |
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Homeostasis |
Keeping the body stable |
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The Integumentary has a________ memebrane |
Cutaneous membrane. Has TWO layers; epidermis-above the skin dermis-skin |
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Skeletal System |
Function: Support, Protection, Blood Cell Production Principal Organs: Bones, cartliage, ligaments. |
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Cartilage |
type of soft tissue that hooks stuff or functions as shock absorber. |
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Ligament |
Connective Tissue "Bone-to-Bone" |
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Muscular |
Function: Movement, Stability Principal Organs: Skeletal Muscles, tendons |
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Tendon |
Flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
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Name 3 Types of Muscle Tissues |
1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth |
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Endocrine System |
Function: Hormone production, cell communication Organs: Many |
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Nervous |
Function: motor control, sensation, control Principal Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nervous |
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A collection of ______1______ form a ____2____ |
1) Neuron and axons 2) Nerves |
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The nervous system is divided into 3 systems: |
1) Brain and Spinal Cord 2) Peripheral Nervous System 3) Autonomic Nervous System |
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Circulatory System |
Function: Pump nutrients to cells, remove waste products. Principal Organs: Heart and Blood Vessels |
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Artery |
any of the tubular thick-walled muscular vessels that convey oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body .
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Vein |
one of the system of branching vessels or tubes conveying blood from various parts of the body to the heart.
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Blood is a ____1____ that is made out of _____2____ |
1) fluid connective tissue 2) plasma fluid |
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Lympathic System |
Function: Removes excess lymph, maintains immune system. Prinicpal Organs: lymph nodes, lymph organs |
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Respiratory Systems |
Function: Absoption of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide. Principal Organs: Lungs |
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Digestive Systems |
Function: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Principal Organs: Stomach and Intestines |
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Urinary System |
Function: Elimination of waste products from blood. Principal Organs: Kidneys and Bladder |
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Reproductive Systems |
Function: production of sperm, oocytes (eggs), form and growth of a child. Principal Organs: Penis, Vagina, Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary Glands. |
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The main reproductive hormone for males are __1__ and the females __2__. |
1) testostorone 2) estrogen |
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Hormone |
Chemical that causes of change |
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Anatomical |
**Standard frame of Body** Defintion: A person standing upright with- 1) feet flat on floor 2) Arms at side 3)Palms facing foward |
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Antomical Position: Supine vs Prone |
Supine: anatomical postion lying face up Prone: anatomical postion lying face down |
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Anatomical Planes: -Sagittal -Midsagittal -parasagittal -Frontal (Coronal) Plane -Transvers Plane |
Sagittal Plane: Right down the middle Midsagittal: Side Parasagittal: Next to Frontal (cornal) plane: 90 degrees to parasagittal Tranverse Plane: Across(???) |
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Anterior vs Ventral |
Towards Front Anterior: humans Ventral: Animals |
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Posterior vs Dorsal |
Back Posterior: Humans Dorsal: Back |
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Superior |
***ONLY USE ON THE TORSO*** up towards head |
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Inferior |
***ONLY USE WITH TORSO*** down toward feet |
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Medial |
Towards middle |
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Lateral |
Outside |
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Proximal |
***ONLY USE WITH APPENDAGES AND EXTREMENITIES**** Up/Upper |
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Distal |
***ONLY USE WITH APPENAGES AND EXTREMITIES*** Down/under/lower |
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Ipsilateral |
Same Side |
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Contralateral |
Opposite Side |
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Memebrane |
Tissues that cover other tissues |
There are four types! |
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Cutaneous Membrane |
Skin |
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Mucous Membrane |
Line Passages |
"Wet" |
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Serous Membrane |
Line Cavaities |
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Synovial |
Line Joint Cavaities |
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What is a 'Body Cavitiy'? |
Space |
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Viscera |
Organs |
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What type of membrane lines a body cavity? |
Serous Membrane |
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Serous Memebranes produce__1__ |
1) Oh the Fluids! Those horrible Serous Fluids! |
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Cranial Cavity hold the __1__ |
1) Brain |
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Vertebral Cavity contains the __1__ |
1) Spinal Cavity |
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List all the Abodminopelvic Boundries |
Superior- Diaphragm Inferior- Urogenital Diaphram Anterior-Abodinal Muscles Posterior-Spine and Back Muscles |
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Abdominal Cavity/Superior Abdominopelvic cantains what organ system? |
Digestive System |
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Pelvic Cavity/inferior abdominopelvic contains what oragns? |
End of the large intestine, bladder, and organs. |
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Osteology |
Study of the bones |
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Osseous Tissue |
Rigid bone tissue that lines the bones. It is the major stuctural conneactive tissue and support network of the skelatal system. |
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Mineralization/Calcifcation |
The layering of minerals on the bone matrix. |
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Adipose |
Body tissue used for the storage of fat. |
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Cartilage |
Embroyonic sturcture of most bones and covers many joint structures. |
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Ligament |
Attach bone to bone at the joint |
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Tendons |
Attach muscles to bone |
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Long Bone |
Allows for movement. They are long. Ex: Femur, Humerus |
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Short Bones |
provide support and stability but NO MOVEMENT. They're cubed shaped |
Ex: Tarsals, Carpuls |
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Flat Bones |
Protects internal organs and helps make bloods. |
Cranial, ribs, scapula, sternum |
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Irregular Bones |
protection of nervous tissue, anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment,and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment. |
Vertebrae and Saccrum |
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Sesamoid Bone |
Connetive Tissue |
Patella |
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What are the five types of bones? |
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid |
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What are the two types of bone tissue? |
Compact and Spongy |
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Compact Bone Tissue |
Cortical- outer part of organ. Its a hard dense tissue that acts as an outer shell and accounts for 3/4 of the body. |
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Spongy Bone Tissue |
AKA cancellous bone. It is loosley organized in the bone and has spaces in between. It makes up 1/4 of the skeleton. |
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Suture |
A fibrous joint that holds bones together ***ONLY FOUND IN THE CRANIUM*** |
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Diaphysis |
the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).
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Epiphysis |
Cartilage, end part of a long bone. intially growing from the shaft. |
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Features of the Long Bone |
1) Diaphysis 2) Epiphysis 3) Medullary Cavity 4) Peripsteum 5) Articular Cartilage 6) Epiphyseal Growth Plate |
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Medullary Cavity |
Fat tissue |
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Epiphyseal Growth Plate |
epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.
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Periosteum |
Around the bone |
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The two compents of conective are __1__ and __2__ |
1) Cells 2) Matrix |
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Cells function in connective tissue |
Function: Produces or removes matrix Types: Stem Cells, Produces Matrix, dissolves matrix |
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Matrix |
Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite Organic: Collagen (protein)- holds things together |
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Compact Bone |
a) structural unit of compact bone-strngth2bone b)Long tubes w/ alternating rings of hydroxyapatite and collagen |
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Spongy Bone |
1) Trabeculae-each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone. 2) Marrow Spaces |
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Bone Marrow is tissue found in the __1__ and __2__ |
1) Medullary Cavity 2) Spaces in trabecula |
There are two types! |
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Red Marrow |
a) Hemopoietic Tissue (blood forming tissue) b) flat bases d) Child-all bones Adult-cranial, ribs, pelvic 1) flat bones and axial skeleton 2)proximal heads and femur |
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Yellow Marrow |
*replaces red marrow as we age* A) turns to mainly adipose tissue(lipids, energy storage) B) doesn't produce blood C) Local in adult: legs, most of arms. |
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What is in the Axial Skeleton? |
a) Skull B) Vertebral Column C)Thoracic Cage |
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What is in the Appendicular Skeleton? |
a)pectoral girdle/upper limb b)pelvic girdle/lower limb |
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Cranial vs Facial bones |
Cranial-bones that touch brain Facial-bones on face |
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Calvaria |
top of head
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Cranial Base |
base of head |
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Le Fort 111 Fracture |
Consider it a " Cranial Facial Disjuntion"; when crainal bones open/break away from facial bones. |
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Fossa |
deep depression |
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Fassae |
many deep depressions |
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Define these areas of the brain: 1) Anterior Cranial Fossa 2)Middle Cranial Fossa 3) Posterior Cranial Fossa |
1)front 2)Middle 3)Back |
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Frontal Bone |
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Parietal Bone |
big purple spot |
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Occipital Bone |
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Sphenoid |
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Ethmoid |
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Tell me about the Ethmoid Bone |
It contains: 1) Crista Gali 2) Cribriform Plate 3) Cribriform Formania 4) ethmoid air cells (sinus) 5) Perpendicular Plate |
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Critsta Gali |
Connects to the skull |
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Cribriform Plate |
Olfactory Nerves and holds foramina |
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Ethmoid Air Cells (sinus) |
The ethmoidal air cells receive sensory fibers from the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves, and the orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, which carry the nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve.
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-they give people a voice, lighten the pressure in people's head, and warm head |
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Perpendicular Plate |
Top half of Septum and it is perpendicular to ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain |
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Suture |
Fiborus joint found only in the skull |
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Where are these sutures located(?): a) squamous b) coronal c)sagittal d)lambdoidal |
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What are the paranasal sinuses and what do they do? |
-"resonance for voice" -keep head erect -shape to face -warms and humidfies air |
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Where do the paranasal sinuses drain? |
into the nasal cavity. |
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Hyoid Bone |
1) not part of the skull 2.) attached to skull by muslces and ligaments 3.) it is a 'bony anchor' for muslces of mandible, neck. and larnyx. |
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Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)! |
TMJ is a synovial joint lined with a synovial membrane. The function: Rotation first 22mm. condyle in fossa. When mouth is open wider, condlye leaves fossa. |
hinge that connects your jaw to the temporal bones of your skull, which are in front of each ear. It lets you move your jaw up and down and side to side, so you can talk, chew, and yawn.
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What are the bones of the TMJ? |
a) Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone b) mandibular condyle of the madible. c) held together by ligaments |
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Transverse Foramen of Cervical Vertebraw |
Offers protection and a passageway for the vertebral arteries. |
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Vertebral Foramen of Vertebra |
Provided passage way for spinal nerves. |
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Intervertebral Foramen |
Allows for spinal nerves to connect with spinal cord. |
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Sacral Foramen |
"Seat of Soul", passage for arteries and nerves of the pelvic region. |
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What are the general regions of the Vertebral Column? |
1) Cervical Vertebra 2) Thoracic Vertebrae 3) Lumbar Vertebrae 4) Sacrum 5) Coccyx |
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What are some abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column? |
1) Scoliosis 2) Kyphosis 3) Lordosis |
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Scoliosis |
Developmental errors, the body and vertebrae fail to develop on one side. This usually happens to 13 year old females. |
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Kyphosis |
This happens with age, osteoporosis, and sports (ex: wrestling). It causes a hunchback |
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Lordosis |
Lower lumbar and sacrum extends outwards. This happens when people are pregnant or obese. |
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Atlanto-occipital joint (AO Joint) |
The Atlas and Occiptal bones come together and help flex the head in yes motion. |
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Atlanto-Axial Joint (AA Joint) |
The Atlas and Axis bones come together to make a "no" movement. |
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What blood vessel goes through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae? |
Arteries and spinal nerves. |
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The arteries and spinal nerves bring blood supply to the ___ |
1) Brain and Neck |
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What are the regions of the Axial Skeleton? |
1) Skull 2) Vertebral Column 3) Thoracic Cage |
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What are the regions of the Appendicular Skeleton? |
1)Pectoral Girdle/Upper Limb 2)Pelvic Girdle/Lower Limb |
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Ante |
Before |
antebrachial |
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Anti |
Against/Opposite |
antibacterial |
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Supra |
Above |
supraspinous |
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Infra |
below |
infraspinous |
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sub |
below |
subscapular |
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pre |
before; post-after |
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para |
next to |
parotoid |
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peri |
around |
periosteum |
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meta |
beyond |
metacapal |
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inter |
in between |
intertubercular |
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intra |
within |
intracellular |
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syn |
together |
syntosis |
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sym |
together |
symphysis |
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acro |
tip |
acromion |
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hyper |
above |
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hypo |
below |
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-cle- |
little (tubercle) |
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-oid- |
to look like |
conoid;sesamoid
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-ous- |
full of or pertaining to |
osseous;mucous |
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cyste |
cell |
osteocyte |
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osse |
bone |
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osteo |
bone |
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chondro |
cartilage |
chondrocyte |
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mono |
one |
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uni |
one |
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bi |
two |
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di |
two |
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tri |
three |
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quad |
four |
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-itis |
infection or inflamtion of |
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-ism |
disease or condition |
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-osis |
disease or condtion |
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-emia |
in the blood |
leukemia |
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-penia |
deficiency |
osteopenia |
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-oma |
tumor |
carcinoma |
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-plasia |
growth |
hyperplasia |
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-ectomy |
to cut out |
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-otomy |
to cut into |
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hemi |
half |
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semi |
half |
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mega |
big |
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micro |
small |
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a or an |
without |
anaplasia |
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endo |
within |
endocytosis |
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exo |
out |
exocytosis |
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ecto |
outside of/external |
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erthy |
red |
erthryocyte |
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leuko |
white |
leukocyte |
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-ase |
designating an enzyme |
lipase |
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gastro |
stomach |
gasterology |
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entero |
intestine |
enterocyte |
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hepato |
liver |
hepatocyte |
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reno |
kidney |
renal |
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-genesis |
formation of |
osteogenesis |
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What is the only suture a baby has? |
Metotropic Suture |
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What other features do infant skull have? |
4 Types of Fontanels: a) Anterior b) Posterior c) Mastoid d) Sphenoid |
tip: fontanel = soft spot |
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Together, the arms and legs are called the
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appendicular region |
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When a person is standing in the anatomical position, the ____ of the hand is facing posterior |
dorsum |
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Spinal Nerves are part of the _____ nervous system |
peripheral |
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What is the word for an anatomical term named after a person? |
eponym |
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the root word --cyte means
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cell |
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leuko means |
white |
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a ___ is a group of similar cells that perform a specific funtion |
tissue |
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a/an _____ is a particle of at least 2 atoms joined by a chemical bond |
contains |
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Why is the lung considered to be an organ?
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It is composed of two or more tissue types |
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Together, the head, neck, and trunk are known as |
the axial region |
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____ muscle tissue surrounds digestive organs and blood vessels |
smooth |
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a ____ is the simplest body sturcture composed of two or more types of tissue |
organ |
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which type of membrane lines a joint? |
synovial |
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the prefix, peri-, means |
around |
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What is the name of the current international book which lists the standard terms for human antomy structures? |
terminologia Anatomica |
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About ____ percent of medical terms are formed from greek and latin roots? |
90 |
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the popliteal region is immediatly proximal to the
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crural region |
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the basic structural unit of compact bone is the |
osteon |
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in a long bone, the ____________ is the space filled with bone marrow. |
medullar cavity |
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The dura mater (capsule) of the brain attaches to which feature of the ethmoid bone? |
Crista Galli |
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Sternoclavicular joint is lined by which type of memebrane? |
Synovial |
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blood in the axillary vein flow into ______ |
the subclavian |
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a round hole through a bone which a nerve or blood vessel passes is known as a |
foramen |
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suffix, -oma, means |
tumor |
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An exaggerated thoracic curvature, often due to osteoporosis, is known as |
kyphosis |
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the temporal lobe of the brain lies in which cranial fossa? |
middle cranial fossa |
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a shollow broad depression in a bone is known as a |
fossa |
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what is the name for the study of bones? |
osteology |
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All of the following components of the bone matrix are organic except |
hydroxyapatite |
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the term "bone" refers to |
osseous tissue and organs such as the humerus and femur |
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the protein fibers of the bone matrix are composed of
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collagen |
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the armpit is the |
axillary region |
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hepato means liver. What is an infection of the liver? |
Hepatitis |
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Syn- |
together |
synotosis |
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sym- |
togther |
symphysis |
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chondro- |
1) grain 2)cartilage, gristle |
chondrocyte, perichondrium |
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oste- |
bone |
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-osis |
1) process 2) condition disease 3) increase (leukocytosis) |
1) osmosis, exocyotosis 2) cyanosis, thrombis 3) leukocyctosis |
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Arthro |
joint |
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arthology |
study of joints and ligaments |
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arthritis |
inflamation of a joint |
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articulation |
joint; point of contact btwn bones |
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Study of the movement of the body |
kinsesiology |
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Rhemuatology |
use of medications to treat joint injuries and arthritis |
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what happens when catilage betwn bones fade away? |
The bones grind on each other and it is extremly painful |
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"FUN" FACT 1 |
Arthritis is the most crippling disorder in the United States |
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"FUN" FACT 2 |
Significant medical resources are spent on pain management and surgical treatment (joint replacements) for arthritis, arthrosis, bursitis, back and neck pain |
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"FUN" FACT 3 |
Mobility of a patient is important in preventing muscle atrophy, vein thrombosis , and cardiac and pulmonary conditions. |
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What is the plural version of synotosis? |
ex: synostoses plural |
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****Fiberous*** |
Defintion: Bony Joint Cause: an immobile joint fromed when the gap btwn 2 bone ossifies Can form from: A fibrous tissue gap ex frontal suture or: a cartilage tissue gap ex epeiphysis and diphysis of a long bone |
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Synarthrosis |
(syn=fused; antrho=joint; osis=condition of) Def: fibrous joint 1) collagen tissue joins one bone to another 2) lttle or no movement btwn bones |
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types of Synarthrosis joints |
1) sutures 2) interoseous membranes long bands of collagen tissue btwn two long bones |
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some examples of interoseous membranes? |
- teeth btwn mandible and maxilla - btwn radius, and ulna; tibia and fibula |
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Cartiaginous joints |
Def: two bones joined by cartilage |
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Types of Cartilaginous Joint |
1) Synchondrosis 2) Symphysis |
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Synchondrosis
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Defintion: two bones bound by hyaline cartilage
ex: 1st rib of manubrim -epiphyseal plate b4 ossification |
(syn= fused; chondro- cartilage; osis= contion of)
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symphysis |
sym=fused; -physis =growth; -sis= procees) a) joined by firbrocartilage ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc |
symphysis= singular symphyses= plural |
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Synovial Joints |
aka Diathrosis 1) most common and complicated joints in human in body 2) some are freely mobile (shoulder) 3) others have limited mobility (vertebrae) |
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Synovial joints are named for |
synovial fluid in a joint - its thicker than water and has and egg like consistiny |
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4 Characteristics of the Synovial Joint |
-movable joint with a capsule and lubercating synovial joint fluid -Contains a synovial cavity lined by a synovial membrane -Articulsyinh bonrd lined by hyaline cartilage -bones bound together by ligaments |
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Meniscus |
-Fibrocartilage pad which crosses entire joint cavity -separates cavity into two spaces - shock absorber or cushion to minimize the stress on another type of cartilage that we have in the knee which we call the articular cartilage. The articular cartilage coats the ends of our bones within a joint. |
Found in knee only!
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Bursa
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Def- Fibrous capsule filld w/ synovial membrane and fluid funtion: acts as a cushion btwn bones and muscles ex:subacromial, subpatellar |
tedon sheath, hip bone |
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What is it called when a bursa becomes infected or inflamed? |
Bursitis |
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Tendon Sheath |
aka synovial Sheath -Connective tissue tubes lined with synovial membranes that R wrapped around tendons -function: produces synovial fluid to minimize friction of tendon |
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What is happening if you are experincing something painful in your tendons? |
tendinitis |
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Osteoarthritis |
obese or laborors put a lot of tension on their knees which causes pain and bone degradation |
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Rehematoid Arthritis |
when the immune system works against the organism, and cause the bones to fuse together. very rare |
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Ankylosis |
when rheumatoid arthritis is so bad it causes someone to NOT be able to open their month anymore. |
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How do you determine a synovial joint? |
By the shape of the articular surface |
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Ball and Socket Joint |
Def- a head articulating with a socket ex: glenohumeral, acetabulofemoral |
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condylar joints |
def- on of the bones contains a condyle ex: temproomandibular |
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Saddle Joints |
-Both bones contains have a concave surface that looks like a saddle |
sternoclavicular joint |
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Plane Joints |
Gliding Joints -surfaces of both bones are flat or nearly flat |
ex: carpals, and tarsal bones |
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Hinge Joints |
-freely movable in one direction only like a hinge |
ex humeroulnar, joint of elbow, knee joint |
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Pivot Joint |
- a bone that rotates on it's axis
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ex atlantoaxial joint |
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Range of Motion |
ROM # of degrees thru which one bone mves relative to another at that joint |
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Factors affecting ROM |
-Struct. of the articular surfaces of bones (shape)
-diff btwn shoulder and hip -Strn and tautness of ligaments and the joint capsules -Action of muscles and joints |
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Sternoclavicular Joint |
Bones Articular Disc: YrES |
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Acromioclavicular Joint |
Bones Articular: Disc: No |
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Temporomandibular Joint |
Bones (features) Articular Disc: Yes |
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Glenohumeral Joint |
Class: Synovial (Ball and Sckt0 Bones: Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula Art disc? No |
aka shoulder, hemispherical head of the humerus articulates w/ a shallow glenoid fossa and is surrounded by a relativity loose joint capsule. This allws for a lrg ROM but sacrafices stability if injured.
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Glenoid Labrum |
Makes fossa bigger in shoulder -A labrum is a ring of firbrocartilage around the edge of a socket. It is often injured requiring surgery |
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Where is the Subdeltoid Bursa? |
Under deltoid muscle |
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Where is the Subacromial Bursa? |
under acromion procees |
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What bones do Biceps brachii tendons connect? |
Femur and radius |
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Elbow Joints |
The elbow contains two joints, w/ ulna and radius each articulating independently, w/ the humerous and each hving diff funtions. The unla is primarily involved in flexion/extension of the forearm, while he radius is invloved in flexion/extension and pronation/supination. |
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Humeroulnar Joint |
Classifaction: Synovial (hinge) bones: trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna. Art Disc: No disc |
other: -Ulnar collateral ligament -Olecranon Bursa |
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Humeroradial Joint |
Class: Synovial (Hinge) Bones: Capitulum of humerus articulates w/ head of radius Art Disc: No |
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Radial Collateral Ligament |
Annular Ligament attaches head of radius to humerus) |
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Acetabulofemoral Joint |
aka coxal/hip joint Class: Synovial Joint (ball/Sket) Bones: head of femur articulates w/ the acetabulum of coxal bone Art disc: no |
Acetabulum is deep and the hd of femur is restricted in ROM by this and strng ligaments. Stability rather than ROM is primary function of this joint, as it bears the weight of the body.
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Acetabular Labrum
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aka ligament head of femur attaches head of femur to acetabulum |
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Tibiofemoral Joint |
aka (knee joint) Class: Synovial (Hinge Joint) Bones: medial and lateral condyles of femur artuculate with medial and lateral condyles of tibia |
Hinge joint, tibiofemoral joint is lrgst and most complx synovial joint in the body and bears the weight of most of the body. W/ flexion/extension being the primary mvmnt, it is also able to slightly rotate and glide laterally. |
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Wat is the differnce btwn an articular disc and meniscus? |
Meniscus dosen't cover whole knee. |
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Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments |
is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint. Its primary function is to resist valgus forces on the knee |
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Myo-
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Muscle |
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-emia |
in the blood |
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myology |
the study of the structure, arrnmnt, and action of muscles |
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myocyte |
muslce cells that R long and tubercle |
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tendon |
muscle to bone. Flexible but enelastic |
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Fascia |
sht of connective tissue that separates neighbooring muslces or muscle groups from each other and from the subcuaneous tissue |
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Pennate |
Feather shaped muscles. They're 3 types
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Fusiform |
A muslce that is thick in the middle and tappered at each end. |
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What do osteoblasts make? |
-Osteocytes -Osteoclast |
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What does an osteocyte do? |
Makes |
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What does an Osteoclast do? |
Break |
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Collegen is |
elastic |
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Spongy bone |
aka cancellous loosy |
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Osteon |
Cell in compact bone, gives bone strength espically in alternating rings, it helps it become more flexible |
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hemopoies |
Formation of blood |
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Synostosis
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-bony joint -immobile -become this when your bone STOPS growing |
Epiphyseal growth plates frontal/Metotropic suture full grown bone |
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Synarthrosis |
Arth=Joint. Fibrous Joint, -more bendy than a synostosis joint. - |
-All other Sutures -Interossaus Membrane: UlnaxRadius |
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Cartilaginous How many types? |
2 -Synchondrosis ----Hyline Cartilage -Symphysis ----Fibrocartiage |
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Synchondrosis |
Hyline Cartilage |
-epiyseal growth plate -growing bone |
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Symphysis |
Fibrocartiage |
-Pubic Symphsis *For babies* |
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The diaphragm attaches itself via___ |
the central tendon |
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Facial Muscles attach to
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skin! (and other muscles) |
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Each individual muscle is called a |
organ |
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There are about over ___ |
700 muscles |
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What is the ave. muscle mass for women?
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36% |
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What is the ave. muscle mass for men? |
42% |
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mus- |
mouse! |
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cul |
little |
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Some people have more ____ than others |
mitochondria |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.
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Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. They support and protect the body.
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Muscular Tissue |
Function is to contract and shorten; then relax |
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Nervous Tissue |
component of the 2 parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as providing nutrients to the neuron.
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What is the main function of all types muscle tissue? |
posture and body support, locomotion, and heat production
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Smooth Muscle |
Located: Walls of Viscera, blood vessels, hairs, iris of eye. control: Involuntary * They form sheets of muscles which wrap around organs. |
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle: Movement |
1)Movement 2)Body parts and contents 3) Communication |
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle: Support |
4)Maintain Posture
5) Resist Pull of Gravity |
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle: |
6) Control Body openings and passages
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle:
Heat Production |
7)Up to 85% of body heat
8) Maintains Homeostatisis |
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Functions of Skeletal Muscle:
Glycemic Control |
9) Regulate Blood Glucose 10) Absorb, store and use glucose |
(glyco=sugar. -emia= in the blodd) |
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Skeletal muscle cells are groups of cells which are bundled into large groups which form a structure called
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A muscle fiber |
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How long are muscle fibers? |
as long as the actual muscle |
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What is a Myoblasts? |
an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to muscle cells
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An individual skeletal muscle is composed of: |
i) Bundle of muscle fibers (called a belly) ii) Wrapped in layers of connective tissue iii) Attached to bones by tendons |
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Fasc-
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means bundle |
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The endomysium
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is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)
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The perimysium
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encircles a group of muscle fibers, forming a fascicle
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The epimysium
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encircles all the fascicles to form a complete muscle
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A Tendon |
is a cordlike extension of the preceding three linings. It extends beyond the muscle tissue to connect the muscle to a bone or to other muscles
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An aponeurosis
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is a flat broad extension of the three muscle linings and serves the same function as a tendon
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Fascia
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The deep fascia surrounds the epimysium and encloses or lines other nearby structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and the body wall.
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The superficial (hypodermis or subcutaneous layer) lies immediately below the skin. The superficial fascia merges with the deep fascia where the surfaces of the skin meet.
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Layers of Fascia are called |
compartments |
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How do Shin splits happen? |
Pressure in the compartments and no place for the swelling to go |
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Type 1 Fibers |
1) Slow Oxidative fibers also called slow-twitch 2) These are adapted for aerobic respiration requiring glucose and oxygen to make ATP for energy w/out generating latic acid which contrubutes to fatigue. |
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Type 1 Fibers
(Part 2) |
3) Hve mny mitochondria (site of ATP prdctn), blood vessels, and myoglobin=red colored protein which binds oxygen for storage. 4)R red in color due to blood vessels and myoglobins 5)Hve relatively long contractions and are present in lrg numbersin muscles which R used for endurance, such as muscle and posture. |
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Type II Fibers |
1) Fast glycolytic fibers also called fast-twitch 2)These R adapted to anaerobic metabolism, not requiring oxygen, but produce lactic acid. 3) Have fewer mitochondria, blood vessels, and myoglobin 4) R lrgr in diameter than type 1, gving strength and speed, and R adapted to muscles which R fast bud do not endurance. |
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The knee joint has a fibrocartilage pad which separates the joint cavity but does not cross the entire capsule. This type of structure is called a/an
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meniscus
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The fibrous dense regular connective tissue bands that connect bones to one another are called
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ligament
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What is the term for the study of musculoskeletal movement?
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kinesiology
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The prefix "inter-" means
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in between
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_______ _______ is a severe condition of joints resulting from an autoimmune reaction against joint tissues.
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rheumatoid arthritis
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What is the name of a connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle?
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perimysium
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What is the name of a sheet connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups?
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fascia/deep fascia
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When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have
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a direct attachment
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Another term for a motor end plate is a ____ junction.
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neuromuscular
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Within functional groups of muscles, a ____ is a muscle that prevents bone movement
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fixator
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Within a functional group of muscles, a ____ is a muscle that stabilizes a joint and aids the prime mover
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synergist
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One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by it constitutes a ___ ___.
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motor unit
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Which joint has an articular disc?
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temporomandibular
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Which of the following joints does not have an articular disc or meniscus?
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humeroradial
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The coxal joint is what class of synovial joint?
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ball-and-socket joint
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What movement occurs at the radioulnar joint?
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supination
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________ is the common form of "wear and tear" arthritis which occurs as joints age.
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osteoarthritis
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Physiology is the study of: |
The functions and relationships of body parts
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The brachial region is ___ to the carpal region |
proximal |
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the acromial region is ___ to the axillary region |
superior |
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The pleural cavity is ____ to the mediastinum |
lateral |
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What structure is the smallest unit of life? |
cells |
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Smllst unit to bggst unit of life |
molecules, cells, tissues, organs |
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The skin is wht type of membrane? |
cutaneous |
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The abdominopelvic cativity is lined by which type of membrane? |
Serous |
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The body's passages R lined by which type of membrane?
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mucous |
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Where do you find the interosseous membrane? |
radius and ulna |
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a ______ is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid found adjacent to a joint cavity |
bursa |
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The spinal cord lies in which cavity of the body? |
Vertebral Cavity |
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The crual region is ____ to the femoral region |
distal |
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Fibrocartilage is found in the |
pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs |
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Which of the following is an ex of a flat bone? a) humerus b) vertebrae c) scapula d) carpal bone e) sesamoid |
scapula |
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Osteoblasts are a cell that |
lay down and form the matrix of a bone |
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Wht is NOT TRUE of red bone marrow? |
it is found in the heads of the tibia and radius |
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Which type of cell is most abundant in the body? |
blood cells |
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Cortical bone is a scentifc name for |
COMPACT BONE |
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The digestive tract is lined by which type of membrane? |
mucous |
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When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have |
a direct attachment |
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When a muscle joins a bone with a flat attchmnt, it is said to have |
an aponeurosis |
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an antagonist |
is a muscle that opposes the prime mover |
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a motor unit is |
one nerve fiber and all the fibers innervated by it. |
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Which is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an individual muscle? |
Epiymysium |
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What are the basic functions of muscle tissue? |
-Heat Production -Stability -Glycemic Control |
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The epiphysis and diaphysis of the long bone fusing together is an ex of what? |
Synostosis |
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Synchondrosis is a cartliaginous joint bound by ____
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Hyline Cartilage |
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Where is the only part of the body that has an meniscus? |
knee joint |
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An agonist is |
the prime mover that produces main force of action |
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the common carotid artery branches into the |
internal carotid and external carotid arteries |
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What runs thru the vertebral foramen? |
Spinal Cord |
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What connective tissue is the most outer layer and covers the outside of bones? |
periosteum |
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what is an ex of a synostosis joint? |
frontal suture |
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what is an ex of a synarthrosis joint? |
Interosseous memebrane |
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What is an ex of a synchondrosis joint? |
epiphyseal plate BEFORE ossification |
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What is an ex of symphysis joint? |
intervertebral disc |
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What is an ex of a ball-and-socket joint? |
Glenohumeral |
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An individual muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue called |
endomysium |
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The rectus abdomen is an ex of what kind of muscle? |
parallel |
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What does a fixator muscle do? |
prevent bone movement |
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