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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
is the cranial part of the ventral sac
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recessus ruminis
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cranial part of the dorsal sac
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atrium ruminis
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Lobulation of the lungs is best developed and clearly defined in the:
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Ox
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bounded by the right longitudinal and accessory grooves
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insular ruminis
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between the reticulum and rumen
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ruminoreticular groove
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Concerning the azygous vein:
Which azygous vein found in ruminant? Left found in? Right in? |
Left azygous develops completely in ruminants; RIGHT azygous may be fully developed only in ruminants and occasionally pig a small right cranial portion may develop partially.
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Dorsal and ventral coronary grooves demarcate
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Dorsal and ventral coronary grooves demarcate blind sacs:
1. caudodorsal and 2.caudoventral blind sacs |
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What do horns develop from?
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Cornual process of the frontal bone
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What is the term for when the subcutis of the pig accumulates fat?
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panniculus adiposus
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An important distinguishing feature between the head of the goat and the sheep is:
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an infraorbital cutaneous sinus in the sheep : lies rostral to the eyes, waxy, straw-colored secretion
((as well as inguinal sinus and interdigital sinus)) |
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Where are the major thicknesses in the skin of the cow? Pig?
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Cow - Dewlap (on lower jaw/ ventral neck)
Pig - ventral surfaces of neck |
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Where are there unusual fat deposits in the sheep?
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Tail
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the cardiac skeleton contains 2 ______ that are associated w/ the aorta
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the cardiac skeleton contains 2 ossa cordis that are associated w/ the aorta (initially cartilage cordis)
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What is the term for the elongated, narrow cartilage bar containing skin derivatives usually found in goats?
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Wattles or tassels
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What are the different cutaneous sinuses/pouches in the sheep?
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Infraorbital sinus
Inguinal sinus Interdigital sinus |
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The skin is thickest in the:
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ox
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What are some of the different glands found in domestic animals? (name 5 - one is only in carnivores, other only in goat/sheep)
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Horn glands - goat/sheep
Caudal (coccygeal) glands - carnivores Subcaudal glands - Buck taint? no doesnt come from here Preputial glands - all species Mammary glands - all mammals her-cat-stalks-poor-mice |
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How is the ligamentum nuchae different in the ruminant compared to the horse?
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Has paired cranial part (C2 and C3)
AND upaired caudal (C4 - C7) parts of laminar portion |
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ligamentum nuchae of ruminant: similar to equine.
Differs from that of the horse, as follows : (unanswered questions) |
Similar to equine in that both laminar and funicular (top, straight part) are paired.
Different from equine in that laminar part is divided into cranial and caudal parts; * cranial part is paired and extends from funicular part down to the spines of C2 and C3; * caudal part is unpaired, and extends from the spinous process of T1 to the spinous processes of C4 – C7. (But what do they mean by unpaired? Not attached to funicular part?) |
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In ox extends well into the thoracic region, and slants ventrolaterally over the summits of the spinous processes, what anatomical advantage does this provide?
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(therefore friction over spine summits e.g. T1 is not as great in the ox as in horse)
> Consequently, no acquired bursa appears infront of T1 spinous process as does in horse |
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Does the pig have a ligamentum nuchae?
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No
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Is the M. rhomboideus capitis present in the in the bovine?
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No
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Which neck muscle in the Bos indicus breeds of cattle is large, and forms part of the hump lying over the withers?
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M. rhomboideus CERVICIS
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Which muscle is more cranial/rostral:
Brachiocephalicus m OR Sternocephalicus m.? |
Sternocephalicus m
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2 parts of Brachiocephalicus m.?
What animal has these 2 parts? |
cleidobrachialis
cleidocephalicus * in ruminant |
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extends from the clavicular intersection to the humeral crest
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cleidobrachialis
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(from the clavicular intersection to the neck/head, and has two parts in most species) :
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cleidocephalicus
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Is the sternocephalicus muscle an extrinsic muscle of the forelimb in the ruminant?
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No
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What are the two divisions of the sternocephalicus muscle?
Divided in which spp.? Undivided in which species? |
Sternomastoideus
Sternomandibularis Both found in the ox, goat, and carnivore Undivided in the sheep |
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two parts of Brachiocephalicus m. in ruminant
two parts of cleidocephalicus m. ? * identify spp. in all |
Brachiocephalicus:
1. cleidobrachialis 2. cleidocephalicus (in Bovine/ovine/pig: ) Bovine/ovine/pig: cleidocephalicus m. 2A. cleidooccipitalis 2B. cleidomastoideus* * fuses with undvided sternocephalicus in SHEEP |
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What neck muscle is well developed in the goat and extends from the costal cartilage 1 to the clavicular intersection?
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Subclavius muscle
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What neck muscle is absent in the carnivore?
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Subclavius muscle
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Is Subclavius m well developed in the bovine?
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No, vestigal in cow
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Vestigal subclavius m is attached to what muscle in bovine?
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Vestigal subclavius m is attached to medial surface of the <brachiocephalicus m.> in bovine
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T/F Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
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True
(FYI: wrote in notes "skin does not have symp./PS innervation"....?) |
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tendon of insertion fuses with that of the sternocephalicus muscle, in the sheep).
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cleidomastoideus!!!! <- tendon of insertion fuses with that of the sternocephalicus muscle, in the sheep).
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In the ox, what structure is large, lobulated in yound, and extends from LARYNX to pericardium?
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Thymus gland
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Which deep cervical lymph node groups are ABSENT in small ruminants and the pig?
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Cranial and middle groups
~Sm.rum. and pig only have Caudal Deep Cervical L.n. |
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growth of Thymus gland is in ____direction; regression is also in that direction.
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extends in cranio-caudal
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Lymph nodes @ thoracic inlet, ventral to the trachea well developed, in all domestic mammals, except the dog.
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Caudal group of Deep cervical lymph nodes.
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The isthmus of the thyroid gland is glandular in which animals?
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Ox
Pig Dog |
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The isthmus of the thyroid gland is fibrous in which animals?
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small ruminants
Horse cat ~looks really thin delicate to me |
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In which animal is the body of the thyroid gland lobulated and flattened?
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Ox
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In ungulates (hoofed as in cows, horse, etc.), it lies in a muscular groove (the jugular groove or sulcus jugularis)
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external jugular vein
* important for intravenous injections |
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The carotid sheath of the ruminant contains everything as in the horse plus what?
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Internal jugular vein
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What are the borders of the jugular groove in ox/goat?
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Dorsal - Cleidomastoideus muscle
Ventral - Sternomandibularid muscle Crainal - Sternomastoideus muscle |
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What are the borders of the jugular groove in the sheep?
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Dorsal - Cleidomastoideus muscle
Ventral - Sternocephalicus muscle Cranial - No muscular border (because Sternocephalicus in sheep is undivided!) |
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Superficial cervical lymph nodes are covered by?
Where located? |
* covered by the brachiocephalicus and omotransversarius muscles
* lie craniodorsal to shoulder joint, but caudal dorsal to caudal deep cervical lymph node |
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Which animal has it superficial cervical lymph nodes separated into three groups (dorsal, middle, and ventral)?
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SCLN is/are scattered in Pig!!
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location of esophagus in neck?
close to surface where? |
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Close to surface of neck In left caudal region of neck - surgical intervention in this area |
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Which domest. species have striated musc. lining entire esophagus??
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All of it ? the ruminant esoph. is lined by striated muscle- so all voluntary skeletal muscle
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Where are the Curvatures of esophagus?
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1st flexion - dorsal curvature (Junction of Pharynx and the esophagus)
2nd flexion - ventral curvature (at thoracic inlet) 3rd flexion - dorsal curvature (base of the heart) |
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Which flexure/curvature is not permanent?
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Flexions 1 and 2 are not permanent: when the animal lowers its head, at grazing, the flexions are obliterated.
only 3rd curvature of esophagus always present |
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Where are the possible esophageal obstructions?
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1. Junction of Pharynx and the esophagus
2. Thoracic inlet 3. Cranial to the base of the heart (vascular ring) 4. Hiatus esophageus (where passes thr. diaphragm) |
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Most common sites of esophageal obstructions in the ox?
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ox: 1 (junction of esoph.& pharynx), 2 (thor.inlet) and 4 (esoph.hiatus)
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Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the goat?
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6th costochondral junction to ventral border of last rib
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Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the ox?
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7th or 8th costochondral junction to the angle of the last rib
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Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the sheep?
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9th costochondral junction to the middle of the last rib to the cranial border of transverse process of L1
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Which ruminant has most cranial Lof.PR?
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goat
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The mediastinal pleura thick and intact in the ____?
~Which animals may show an occasional opening? |
Yes, ox/goat mediastinal pleura thick and supported by submesothelial connective tissue
~ but sheep show occasional opening |
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Which lung is larger in all domestic species?
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relatively large right lung displaces the caudal mediastinum to the left of the median plane.
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which lung has accessory lobe?
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right lung
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What relationship is important to consider in hardware disease?
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Bovine - accessory lobe of the right lung and mediastinal recess are located caudally to the region of the reticulum
hardware disease = (traumatic reticulitis); where nail is swallowed and pierces reticulum + threatens other organs nearby |
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The cranial border of the reticulum lies against the dome of the diaphragm at about the: ___ ICS
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6th ICS
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In ruminants which cupula pleura extends beyond the first rib?
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Only the right
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The tracheal bronchus (a special bronchus) ventilates the: ?
in what spp.? |
right cranial lobe
(in ruminant and pig; both cranial and caudal parts in ruminants) FYI: Predisposes this lobe to infection and inhalation pneumonia. |
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Where should a thoracocentesis be performed in a ruminant?
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Middle part of 6th or 7th intercostal space
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
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Cranial (but cr. has 2 parts)
Middle Caudal Accessory ~so 4.5 lobes :) |
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Is the right cranial lung lobe in the pig divided into a cranial and caudal part?
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No, but it is in the ruminant
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How many lobes does the left lung have in ruminants and pigs?
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Cranial
Caudal |
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Where is the cardiac notch on the left side of the ruminant? Right?
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Left - 3rd to 5th intercostal
Right - 3rd to 4th intercostal |
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Other organs at risk in "hardware disease"?
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{other organs that can be affected in hardware disease include the accessory lobe itself, pericardium → pericardial effusion and/or pericarditis, heart, other lobes of the lung, spleen, liver, large caudal mediastinal lymph node}.
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Do the azygous veins have valves in them?
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No
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How many lobes does the left lung have? (in pigs and ruminants)
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The left lung in both ruminant and porcine species has two main lobes: cranial and caudal
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What veins drain the cranial lumbar area and thoracic wall by means of the lumbar veins and dorsal intercostal veins?
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Azygous veins
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Which azygous vein always develops fully in ruminants and pigs?
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Left azygous vein
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In which animals is the right azygous vein also present occasionally?
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Sheep
Goat |
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Which animal has a vertically placed heart and which has an oblique (45 degrees) place heart?
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Vertical - ruminants
Oblique - pig and dog |
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What ossifies with age in the ruminant heart and becomes the ossa cordis?
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Fibrous rings surrounding the aorta
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What are the three grooves on the ruminant heart?
What side of heart does each appear on? |
Paraconal groove
Subsinusal groove Intermediate groove |
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In which animals is the pericardium attached to the sternum by two separate sternopericardiac ligaments?
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Ruminants
Horses * pericardium attached to the sternum by two separate sternopericardiac ligaments |
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Where are the positions of the heart valves in the ruminant?
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Pulmonary - left 3rd intercostal
Aortic - left 4th intercostal RAV (Tricuspid ) - right 4th intercostal LAV (Mitral) - 5th intercostal |
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Which coronary artery is larger in the ruminant? in the pig?
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Ruminant - left
Pig - right |
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What are the four lymphocenters of the thorax in the thorax of the ruminant?
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Dorsal thoracic
Ventral thoracic Mediastinal Bronchial |
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Which mediastinal lymph node is single and quite large in the ruminant?
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Caudal mediastinal lymph node
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Which mediastinal lymph node is absent in the pig and the ox may have 1-5?
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Middle mediastinal lymph node
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How many tracheobronchial lymph nodes present in bovine?
Name them |
4 (left, right, middle, cranial)
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Which tracheobronchial lymph nodes is absent in the sheep?
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Right and Middle tracheobronchial lymph node
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Which tracheobronchial lymph node is only in the ruminant and the pig?
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Cranial tracheobronchial lymph node
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Which tracheobronchial lymph node puts pressure on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve when it is enlarged?
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Left tracheobronchial lymph node
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Which lymph node could cause choking or damage to vagal trunks because of enlargement?
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Caudal mediastinal lymph node
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Pericardiocentesis done where?
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Pericardiocentesis: 4th intercostal space, at level of costochondral junction]
(to drain pericardium?) |
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T/F Intracardiac injections are theoretically possible in all species
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True
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(SKIP UNTIL END)
Cardiac notches/incisures (cardiac impression on each lung) of ruminants extend from where to where? In left lung: On right lung: |
Ruminants: Left – extends from 3rd to 5th intercostal spaces.
Right – between 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces |
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in bovine tuberculosis (TB) or lymphadenitis, is associated with enlargement of what lymph node?
Hint: could compress esoph., leading to chocking, etc. |
Caudal mediastinal Lnn.: bovine → in bovine tuberculosis (TB) or lymphadenitis, the enlarged Ln. compresses the esophagus. This could cause choking or damage to the vagal trunks.
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