Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the seven activities of all living cells
|
1. Adaptation
2. Reproduce 3. Growth 4. Organization 5. Metabolism 6. Irritability 7. Contractility |
|
What is anabolism?
|
Joining small molecules (amino acids) into larger protein molecules to FORM MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCE
(steroids) |
|
What is catabolism?
|
Living cells break down substances into SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
|
|
Define Metabolism
|
All chemical reactions in the body
|
|
Define Anatomy
|
Study of the structure of body parts in relation to others
|
|
What is physiology?
|
Study of the function of body parts
|
|
What are the four main tissue types?
|
1. Epithelium (glands, skin)
2. Muscles 3. Connective (bones, tendons) 4. Nervous (brain, nerves, spinal cord) |
|
What are electrolytes?
|
Chemical substances that ionize, dissociate in water, and are capable of conducting electrical current
|
|
What are examples of electrolytes?
|
Salts, Acids, and Bases
|
|
What are electrolytes used for in the body?
|
Nerve impulse transmission and Muscle Contraction
|
|
What do we call groups of similar cells?
|
Tissues
|
|
What do we call groups of different organs?
|
Organ System
|
|
Function of integumentary system include:
|
1. Protects
2. Synthesizes vitamin D 3. Houses pain receptors, sweat and oil glands |
|
Functions of the skeletal system:
|
1. Protects/Supports body organs
2. Framework 3. Movement 4. Blood cells formed in bones 5. Bones store minerals |
|
Functions of the muscular system:
|
1. Maintains posture
2. Produces heat 3. Motion |
|
Function of the nervous system:
|
1. Respond to internal and external changes
|
|
Function of the endocrine System:
|
1. Secrete hormones
|
|
Functions of the cardiovascular system:
|
1. Transport blood
2. Heart pumps blood |
|
Functions of the lymphatic system:
|
1. Picks up leftover fluid from blood vessels
2. Houses white blood cells 3. Immune response |
|
Functions of the respiratory system:
|
1. Keeps blood oxygenized
2. Removes co2 3. Gas exchange |
|
Function of the digestive system:
|
1. Break down food
|
|
Functions of the urinary system:
|
1. Eliminates wastes
2. Regulates water, electrolytes and acid-bases 3. Balance of blood |
|
The function of the male/female reproductive system is to:
|
Produce offspring
|
|
What are the four major classes of organic molecules in the cell?
|
1. Lipids
2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids 4. Carbohydrates |
|
Carbohydrates are __-__% of cell mass
|
1-2%
|
|
What do carbohydrates contain?
|
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
|
|
Proteins are __-__% of cell mass
|
10-30%
|
|
What do proteins contain?
|
1. Enzymes
2. Hemoglobin 3. Conractile proteins of muscle |
|
The largest molecules in the body
|
DNA and RNA
|
|
DNA and RNA are:
|
Nucleic Acids
|
|
Lipids contain:
|
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids 3. Sterioids |
|
Where are phospholipids found?
|
The plasma membrane
|
|
What are modified triglycerides?
|
Phospholipds
|
|
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment even though the outside world is changing
|
Homeostasis
|
|
What are the basic constituents of protoplasm?
|
Main component: Water
-Organelles, chromosomes, proteins, amino acids |
|
Power plant of the cell:
|
Mitochondria
|
|
True or False: Mitochondria contains their own DNA and RNA and Ribosomes and are able to reproduce themselves
|
True
|
|
Site of protein sythesis:
|
Ribosomes
|
|
What
1. Transports protein 2. Stores, synthesizes materials and minerals 3. Manufacture Ribosomes |
Rough ER
|
|
What
1. Packages proteins for transport 2. Releases calcium 3. Synthesizes membrane phospholipds |
Smooth ER
|
|
"Traffic Director" for cell proteins that package proteins and lipids made at the rough ER
|
Golgi Complex
|
|
Vesicles that contain proteins destined for export:
|
Secretory Granules (storage compartments)
|
|
Spherical membrane organelles that is the "demolition crew" for non-useful tissues, and calcium in bones
|
Lysosomes
|
|
Small barrel shaped organelles that form the bases of cilia and flagella
|
Centrioles
|
|
A selectively permiable membrane that determines what goes in and out of organisms
|
Cytoplasmic Membrane
|
|
Seperates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
|
Nuclear membrane
|
|
Site where ribosomes are made:
|
Nucleolus
|
|
Prevents chromatin strands from tangling during movement of cell division
|
Chromosomes
|
|
Chain of 25 amino acids
|
Polypeptide
|
|
Main concept of cell theory
|
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
|
|
Exaggerates stimulus until it stops action (blood clotting)
|
Positive Feedback
|
|
Monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli)
|
Receptors
|
|
Determinds the set poing where the variable is maintained
|
Control Center
|
|
Provides the means to respond to the stimuli
|
Effector
|
|
What are the fundamental principles?
|
1. Casuality
2. Uniformity |
|
Anything that has weight and occupies space
|
Matter
|
|
Four major elements (atoms) in the body
|
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon 3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen |
|
Protons have a _____ charge
|
Positive
|
|
Electrons have a ______ charge
|
Negative
|
|
Neutrons have a ______ charge
|
Neutral
|
|
Organs that contains epithelial, smooth and connective tissue
|
Blood vessels
|
|
Cells without a nucleus (ex: bacterium)
|
Prokaryotic
|
|
Cells with a nucleus (ex: animal/plant cells)
|
Eukaryotic
|
|
Protazoan
|
Unicellular (one cell)
|
|
Metazoa
|
Multicellular
|
|
Wants to shuffle information to make it different
|
Meiosis
|
|
Ensures every cell has the same genetic information
|
Mitosis
|
|
Citric Acid Cycle in mitochondria
|
Krabs Cycle
|
|
Potential energy:
|
Stored in glucose
|
|
Kinetic Energy:
|
Active energy
|
|
Breaking down of sugars in the prescense of oxygen:
|
Aerobic Glycologist
|
|
What are the stages of Mitosis? (IPMAT)
|
1. Interphase
2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase |
|
Longest stage of mitosis where DNA is replicated
|
Interphase
|
|
In order for the cell to go to cell division, it has to cross this point:
|
G1 phase (part 1 of interphase)
|
|
Stage of interphase where actual DNA is replicated
|
S Phase
|
|
Stage of interphase where growth and final preparations for cell divisions are made
|
G2 phase
|
|
What are the 3 phases of interphase in order?
|
1. G1
2. S 3. G2 |
|
What is the result if mitosis?
|
Two daughter cells
|
|
Protein is a _______
|
Polar molecule
|
|
Define Polar molecule
|
Cant disolve in water
|
|
True or False: Nonpolar molecules can't disolve in water
|
True
|
|
Lipids are _______
|
Nonpolar
|
|
The prefix philic means:
|
to love
|
|
The prefix phobic means:
|
to hate
|
|
If the sodium potassium pump stops:
|
Too much sodium will be inside and the sodium levels will balance with eachother. Death of cell occurs
|
|
Define Phagocytosis:
|
Cell eating
|
|
Define Pinocytosis:
|
Large amounts of fluid entering cell (Cell drinking)
|
|
True or False: Cells don't talk, only respond to signals
|
True
|
|
Enzymes are organic ______
|
Catalysts
|
|
_____ are substances that speed up chemical reactions but aren't changed by the reaction
|
Catalysts
|
|
Each kind of reaction is controlled by a ______ _______
|
Specific Enzyme
|
|
True or False: Enzymes that are produced in a cell will determine what reactions go on in that cell
|
True
|
|
Carriers of genes
|
Chromatin
|
|
Contains oxidase-detoxifies or neutralizes damage
|
Peroxisomes
|
|
Metabolism requires ____ and _______
|
ATP and Enzymes
|
|
What is ATP?
|
Adenosine Triphosphate (Stored Energy)
|
|
____ _____ is reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperatue
|
Protein Denaturation
|
|
Enzymes are ______
|
Globular proteins
|
|
Pair of shared electrons:
|
Covalent bonds
|
|
Bond between H and the negative part of another atom:
|
Hydrogen Bond
|
|
Complete transfer of electrons:
|
Ionic bonds
|
|
_____ resist abrupt changse in pH of the body fluids
|
Buffers
|
|
Stored in carbohydrate energy
|
Chemical Energy
|
|
Type of energy mostly in the nervous system
|
Electrical Energy
|
|
Type of energy mostly in the muscles
|
Mechanical Energy
|
|
Type of energy mostly in the skin
|
Radiant (electromagnetic)
|
|
Five nitrogen bases that contribute to nucleotide structure:
|
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) |
|
Arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between poles
|
Metaphase Plate
|
|
Centromeres of the chromosones split during ____
|
Anaphase
|
|
Nucleoli disappear, centriole pairs seperate and mitotic spindle is formed
|
Prophase
|
|
Any movement of a substance through a cell membrane that requires energy
|
Active Transport
|
|
A sodium potassium pump is an example of a:
|
Primary Active Transport
|
|
Solutions with the same solute concentrations as that of the cystol
|
Isotonic
|
|
Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cystol
|
Hypertonic
|
|
Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cystol
|
Hypotonic
|
|
Movement of material from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
|
Diffusion
|
|
Water movement only; Net movement of water across a semipermiable membrane in the direction of lower concentration of water
|
Osmosis
|
|
Minor component in a solution:
|
Solute
|
|
Usually a liquid
|
Solvent
|
|
Scientific reasoning is:
|
1. Inductive
2. Deductive |