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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nephros, renalis |
-kidney |
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Organs of Urinary system |
-Kindeys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Urinary system functions |
-Maintains purity of blood and other body fluids by disposing of waste products -regulates blood volume and chemical makeup |
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Urea |
-from breakdown of amino acids |
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Uric acid |
-from nucleic acid turnover |
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Creatinine |
-formed by creatine phosphate |
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Kidneys -- External Gross Anatomy |
-Reddish brown color, bean shaped, retroperitoneal -Lateral surface is convex, medial is concave |
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Right kidney |
-Right kidney is slightly inferior to left (crowded by liver) |
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Hilum |
-area where blood vessels, nerves pass |
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Renal capsule |
-surrounds each kidney (dense CT layer) maintains shapes -Cushioning by fat layers |
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Cortex |
-Outer region of KIDNEY -Renal corpuscles (filters) |
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Medulla |
-Inner region of KIDNEY |
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Medullary (renal) pyramids |
-base and apex (papilla); are striated (group of nephrons) |
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Lobes of kidneys |
- Pyramid + Cortical tissue |
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Renal sinus |
-space in medial portion of kidney, opening to hilum - contains renal vessels, nerves, fat, renal pelvis, and calices |
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Renal pelvis |
-flat tube, superior portion of ureter |
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Calyx |
-extension of renal pelvis, major or minor (cup-shaped tubes that surround papillae (apex) of the pyramids |
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Arteries |
-Rich blood supply, around 20-25% of hearts systemic output -Renal arteries deliver blood TO kidneys -Each artery divides into 5 segmental arteries |
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Veins |
-Trace artery pathway in reverse WITH THE EXCEPTION of lobar and segmental veins -Renal veins exit kidney and empty into IVC |
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Nerves |
-Renal plexus (SYMPATHETIC innervation) |
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Uriniferous (renal) tubule |
-structural and functional unit of kidney -crowded together into kidney -surrounded by LOOSE CT (interstitial CT) |
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2 major parts of the Uriniferous (renal) tubule |
-Nephron -Collecting duct |
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Nephron |
-major part of the uriniferous tubule -formed by a renal corpuscle, promixal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule |
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Kidneys produce urine by? |
-Filtration -Reabsorption -Secretion |
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Filtration |
-Blood filtrate enters nephron |
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Reabsorption |
-nutrients, water, ions are returned to blood |
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Secretion |
-undesired substances move from blood to urine |
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Renal corpuscle (filtration) |
-Located in cortex |
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Glomerulus |
-In renal corpuscle -"ball" of capillaries with many pores -Surrounded by glomerular capsule -has filtration membrane |
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Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) |
-contains capsular space |
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Filtration |
-filter between blood and capsular space |
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Proximal convoluted tubule |
-Located in cortex, most active in reabsorption and secretion |
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Loop of Henle |
-extends into medulla -Descending limb -Ascending limb |
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Descending limb of Loop of Henle |
-THIN segment (narrowest part of nephron) |
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Ascending limb of Loop of Henle |
-Portion of THIN segment -THICK segment |
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Distal convoluted tubule |
-Located only in renal cortex -Performs some reabsorption and secretion -Conserves body fluids |
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Nephron classes |
-Cortical -Juxtamendullary |
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Cortical: Nephron class |
-located mostly in CORTEX (loop of Henle extends into medulla)
|
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Juxtamedullary: Nephron class |
-renal corpuscles are loacted at cortex-medulla border; have long loops of Henle |
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Collecting Tubules (Ducts) |
-receive urine from many nephron -Runs into medulla and combines with others to form papillary ducts, which empty into calices -Site where ADH acts |
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ADH |
-increases permeability of collecting tubules -causes more water to be reabsorbed (concentrated urine) |
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Ureters |
-One per kidney, approx. 25 cm long -Carry urine FROM kidneys TO bladder -Begins at level of L2 and runs retroperitoneally through abdomen and enters (true) pelvis to get to bladder -Enters bladder obliquely (prevents backflow) |
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Layers of Ureters |
-Mucosa -Muscularis -Adventitia |
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What causes contraction of ureters |
-Distention causes contraction (peristaltic waves) |
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Urinary bladder |
-Collapsible, distensible and muscular -Stores and eliminates urine |
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Urinary bladder location |
-inferior to peritoneal cavity, posterior to public symphysis |
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Males (urinary bladder) |
-anterior to rectum |
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Females |
-anterior to vagina uterus |
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Detrusor muscle of bladder |
-contains muscular layer -squeezes out urine |
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Urethra |
-Thin-walled tube, drains URINE from body |
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Urethra composition |
-Composed of smooth muscle and inner layer of mucosa (slightly different composition in males and females) |
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Internal urinary sphincter |
-located between bladder and urethra, involuntary control |
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External urinary sphincter |
-located at distal end of urethra, voluntary control |
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Micturition |
-Emptying the bladder -Detrusor muscle contract, assisted by abdominal wall muscles -Controlled by brain |
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Incontinence |
-inability to control micturition |
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Renal calculi (kidney stones) |
-Minerals in urine crystallize -Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter |
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Pyelitis |
-infection of renal pelvis and calices |
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Pyelonephritis |
-infection of entire kidney |
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) |
-genetic disorder |
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Cysts (fluid filled sacs) |
-form and enlarge |